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能否获得高等教育机会,对人的职业生涯乃至社会分层有着重大影响。因为,从高等教育阶段起,就根据专业的划分重新进行社会分工,地域、户口等对人口流动的限制也被冲破。影响高等教育机会获得的直接因素可分为两大类:高等教育的资源分布状况和高考招生政策,以及高中教育机会获得的延续性影响。高等教育资源分布状况是指高等学校的地域分布、各种层次高校的分布状况,高考招生政策包括考试方法和标准、录取分数线的划定、考生资格的规定、收费等问题。这些问题是从高等教育政策的影响看待高等教育机会获得的状况。而高中教育机会获得对高等教育机会获得的影响,是从整个教育系统的角度来看待高等教育的公平问题。由杨东平教授主持的国家教育十五规划课题“我国高等教育公平问题研究”显示:高中教育已经成为影响普通高等教育机会获得的狭窄瓶颈。
The availability of higher education opportunities has a significant impact on people’s career and even social stratification. Because, from the stage of higher education, according to the division of labor to re-social division of labor, geography, hukou restrictions on population movements have also been broken. The direct factors influencing the access to higher education can be divided into two broad categories: the distribution of resources in tertiary education and enrollment policies for college entrance examination, and the continuing impact of high school education opportunities. The distribution of higher education resources refers to the geographical distribution of colleges and universities, the distribution of colleges and universities at all levels, college entrance examination and enrollment policies, including examination methods and standards, the demarcation of the admission score, the candidate qualification requirements, fees and other issues. These questions are about the status of higher education opportunities as viewed from the impact of higher education policies. The impact of getting upper secondary education opportunities on the access to higher education is to treat the issue of equity in higher education from the perspective of the entire education system. The 15th National Education Plan, headed by Professor Yang Dongping, “Study on the Equality of Higher Education in China” shows that high school education has become a narrow bottleneck that affects ordinary higher education access.