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随着课改的不断深入和中考命题的不断创新,各地中考词汇题不再单纯考查考生的词汇拼写能力,而是进一步突出考查考生运用所学词汇进行语言交际的能力,涉及到词汇、时态、语态及习惯用法等多方面的知识,是对考生记忆、理解、分析、综合应用等各项能力的全面检测。为帮助同学们备战2010年中考,现对词汇部分相关考点及解题思路作精讲,并提供部分试题供同学们考前热身。
典型题例
[题型一] 根据句意和首字母提示写出单词。
—Look! The boy is running so fast!
—It’s hard to i _______ that his right leg was once broken. (盐城)
[题型二] 根据句意和汉语提示,在空白处填入适当的单词。
On April 23rd, World Reading Day, Premier Wen Jiabao made a speech at the National Library in Beijing. He _______(鼓励)Chinese people to read more.(连云港)
[题型三] 根据句意和括号中的英文释义,写出句中所缺单词,使句子通顺。
My cousin is studying in Beijing, so we _______(not very often) see each other now. (南通)
[题型四] 根据句子意思,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
Susan’s _______ (hobby) include reading, cooking and swimming. (徐州)
常见考点
综观近年各地试题,中考词汇题常见的考点可归纳为:
一、名词——主要考查名词的可数与不可数、单数与复数、所有格、固定搭配、拼写较长或不规则的单词、专有名词首字母的大小写等内容。
二、动词——主要考查动词的时态、语态及人称和数的变化;非谓语动词主要考查现在分词、过去分词及不定式等。有时考查中文中一个词,而在英语中却需多个词与之对应,要结合语境选用恰当的动词情况。
三、形容词和副词——主要考查两种词性的区别、转换规则;形容词、副词同体(如:fast, early);形容词、副词的原形、比较级和最高级的用法以及具有同一含义的两种形容词的区别(如alone和lonely)等。
四、数词——主要考查基数词和序数词的区别、固定搭配、习惯用语、易拼错的数词等。
五、介词——主要考查与介词有关的固定搭配,以及一些易混介词的区别等。
解题思路
笔者在教学实践中根据题型一的特点总结出“四定解题法”,希望有助于同学们形成科学的解题思路。
[题例1]How long can I k _______ the library book?
[题例2]In Changsha it’s very hot in summer and very c _______ in winter.
[题例3]I went to the hospital this morning and Doctor Smith gave me some m.
[题例4]We all know forty-five minutes is three q .
[题例5]The Yellow River is the second l one in China.
[步骤1]定义:通读全句掌握其大意,并借助于首字母确定所填词汇的含义。
[简析]题例1:在图书馆借书,常问书能借多长时间,因此,结合首字母“k”,该句可定义为:图书馆的书我能“借”多久?
题例2:长沙的夏天很炎热,因此,结合首字母“c”,该句可定义为:长沙的夏天很热而冬天非常“冷”。
题例3:去医院看病,医生常会开药治病,因此结合首字母“m”,该句可定义为:今天早晨我去医院看病,史密斯医生给我开了一些“药”。
题例4:这是一道常识题,结合首字母“q”,该句可定义为:众所周知45分钟就是三“刻”钟。
题例5:黄河是中华民族的母亲河,也是中国第二条最长的河流。结合首字母“l”,该句可定义为:黄河是中国第二条“最长”的河流。
[步骤2]定性:根据空格在全句所处的位置,特别是依据空格前后的单词,分析句子成分,确定所填词的词性。
①动词作谓语。题例1中,句子缺少谓语,应填动词。
②形容词作表语或定语。题例2中,形容词作表语;题例5中,形容词作定语。
③名词作主语、宾语或表语。题例3中,名词作宾语;题例4中,名词作表语。
[步骤3]定形:在确定好所填词汇的词义、词性的基础上,再确定所填词汇的适当形式。
①如要填的是动词,则应注意其时态、语态及主谓一致等。特别应注意的是,汉语中的一个词有多个英语单词和其相对应时,应根据题目要求来确定应选词汇。如题例1中,“借”在初中英语中共有“borrow, lend和keep”这三个词,但根据题意,可知how long是对“一段时间状语”提问,所以只能选用延续性动词keep。
②形容词、副词应注意原级、比较级和最高级的使用。如题例2中,very后应接形容词cold的原级;题例5中,应用形容词long的最高级。
③名词应注意其所有格及单复数。其中名词的单复数可通过以下方法来判断:
a.看修饰语。 b.看主谓一致。 c.可数名词若无单数修饰语一律用复数。 d.看其他暗示。如:题例3中,medicine是不可数名词;题例4中,quarter前有复数修饰语three,故应填复数quarters.
[步骤4]定答案:在确定好所填词汇的词义、词性和词形后,最终确定试题的答案。
要正确地拼写单词,应注意下列几点:
①注意单词的大小写。学科、月份、国籍及一些专有名词的首字母应大写,在抄写答案时不能改为小写。
②注意单词最末字母是否要双写。如:stop的过去式是stopped。
③注意拼写复杂的单词,不能与其他词混淆。如:tired和tried; quiet和quite。
经过上述四步,试题答案已基本确定。如时间允许,同学们可以把答案放到题目中作进一步检查,看看全句前后是否符合逻辑,意思是否通顺连贯;即使时间很紧,也应检查一下单词的拼写是否符合规范,答案与对应的题号是否一致等。
题型二、题型三和题型四的解题方法可参照上法的第二、三、四步。
复习指南
首先,从考纲所提供的“四会”词汇中将名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词和介词挑选出来,从而缩小所需复习词汇的范围,以提高复习效率。
其次,将这些词汇再进行分类。如名词可按题材内容归类为时间类(季节、月份、星期名称等),自然类(江、河、湖、洋等)等。这样进行分类复习,可以避免机械、无效的记忆。
接着,从词的音、形、义以及词的搭配和组合、词的活用和辨析等诸多方面,来掌握这些词的典型用法,熟记一些例句。特别是要加强对那些常用、易拼错、字母较多或容易遗忘的单词的记忆。
最后,在考前进行适当的专项训练,形成解题能力。这也是一种行之有效的应试方法。
总之,绝大多数的中考词汇题都体现了对单词考查的语境化,具有容量大、知识覆盖面广等特点。要做好该题型,考生既要具备扎实的单词拼写能力,又要形成适当的应试策略和解题方法。
迎考专练
A) 根据句子意思,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. —Why is the boy so _______ (patient)?
—Because he has waited for his friend for a long time.
2. Simon is _______ (good) at English than anyone else in his class.
3. —Why do you think that the young man is strange?
—Because he hates to be like others, and does everything _______(difference).
4. “Once you made a _______(decide),you’d better not change it easily,” the mother said to her son.
5. I have never read such a good book before. I believe it is worth _______(read) twice.
6. —Zhang Yimou is one of the greatest _______(direct) in our country.
—That’s right. He is almost famous to everyone in China.
7. What a _______ (surprise) ending. You’ll find the murderer is a policeman at the end of the film.
8. As we all know Prime Zhou Enlai devoted all his lifetime to _______(work) for Chinese people.
9. It’s reported that the victim was killed by a gun and bled to _______(die) in the end.
10. When autumn comes,the _______(leaf) on this kind of trees always turn red.
B)根据句意及汉语提示,拼写单词,使句子完整、正确。
1. — I am not sure which tie to wear for the party.
— God!I have no idea,_______(也).
2. It is reported that _______(千) of people in that province are suffering from the H1N1 flu.
3. —Which is _______(远) from Shanxi, Guangzhou or Beijing?
—Guangzhou.
4. I’m sorry that I can’t _______(借) my bike to you. It’s broken.
5. It’s well-known that paper-making is one of the greatest _______ (发明) of ancient China.
6. —Why don’t you take the bike, Henry?
—It’s too expensive. I can’t _______(买得起) it.
7. Yang Fen _______(花费) every Saturday afternoon volunteering in an old people’s home.
8. —What’s your cousin busy doing now?
—Oh, he is _______(订购) a digital camera online.
9. — How beautiful your hometown is!
—Yes, a number of trees are _______(栽) around Yancheng every year.
10. Look at the sky! The kites are flying so _______(高) that they look like small birds.
C)根据句意及首字母提示补全单词,使句子完整、正确。
1. —I think that animals should live in zoos.
—I d_______with you. They’d better live in the natural forests.
2. As we all know J_______ is the seventh month of a year.
3. —It’s our duty to protect the e .
—That’s right. We need a clean and beautiful world.
4. Please change a skirt for me. I don’t like red. In fact, I like all colours e _______ this.
5. It’s reported that a young man r _______ an old man of lots of money on a busy street yesterday.
6. The air in that small village is very clean. So you can see a r _______ after a heavy rain in summer there.
7. —Why are you so s_______ this morning?
—Because I watched TV until 11 o’clock last night and got up very early this morning.
8. Many students of my age feel stressed, and I think that one major c _______ of stress is homework.
9. — Taking a walk in the evening is a good h.
— So it is. It keeps us healthy.
10. Normally, water boils at a t _______ of 100℃.
D)根据句意和括号中的英文释义写出句中所缺单词,使句子通顺。
1. —The air _______(the state of being dirty) in our city is serious.
—That’s right. Something must be done to stop it.
2. The climbers tried to find a new _______ (a way to go from one place to another) to the top of the mountain, but they failed in the end.
3. The brave young man rushed into the fire and _______(kept someone safe from danger) the little girl.
4. —Help yourself to some _______ (delicious;nice) fish.
—Yes, thanks.
5. Our English teacher always _______(strongly advise) us to speak more English in his class.
6. Luckily, the old man _______(continued to live) after the earthquake.
7. I don’t think it’s necessay for the parents to _______(give something to someone) everything for their children.
8. —Why did the girl _______(shout loudly)?
—Because she saw a snake just now.
9. When the people there _______(got to know and understand something) the sandstorm was a very serious problem, they took action to plant many trees at once.
10. —Are you a basketball _______(people who likes somebody or something very much)?
—Yes. And Yao Ming is my favorite player.
参考答案
A) 1. impatient2. better3. differently4. decision5. reading6. directors7. surprising8. working9. death10. leaves
B) 1. either2. thousands3. farther4. lend5. inventions6. afford7. spends8. ordering9. planted10. high
C) 1. disagree2. July3. environment4. except5. robbed6. rainbow 7. sleepy8. cause9. habit10. temperature
D) 1. pollution2. route3. saved4. tasty5. encourages6. survived7. provide8. scream9. realized10. fan
典型题例
[题型一] 根据句意和首字母提示写出单词。
—Look! The boy is running so fast!
—It’s hard to i _______ that his right leg was once broken. (盐城)
[题型二] 根据句意和汉语提示,在空白处填入适当的单词。
On April 23rd, World Reading Day, Premier Wen Jiabao made a speech at the National Library in Beijing. He _______(鼓励)Chinese people to read more.(连云港)
[题型三] 根据句意和括号中的英文释义,写出句中所缺单词,使句子通顺。
My cousin is studying in Beijing, so we _______(not very often) see each other now. (南通)
[题型四] 根据句子意思,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
Susan’s _______ (hobby) include reading, cooking and swimming. (徐州)
常见考点
综观近年各地试题,中考词汇题常见的考点可归纳为:
一、名词——主要考查名词的可数与不可数、单数与复数、所有格、固定搭配、拼写较长或不规则的单词、专有名词首字母的大小写等内容。
二、动词——主要考查动词的时态、语态及人称和数的变化;非谓语动词主要考查现在分词、过去分词及不定式等。有时考查中文中一个词,而在英语中却需多个词与之对应,要结合语境选用恰当的动词情况。
三、形容词和副词——主要考查两种词性的区别、转换规则;形容词、副词同体(如:fast, early);形容词、副词的原形、比较级和最高级的用法以及具有同一含义的两种形容词的区别(如alone和lonely)等。
四、数词——主要考查基数词和序数词的区别、固定搭配、习惯用语、易拼错的数词等。
五、介词——主要考查与介词有关的固定搭配,以及一些易混介词的区别等。
解题思路
笔者在教学实践中根据题型一的特点总结出“四定解题法”,希望有助于同学们形成科学的解题思路。
[题例1]How long can I k _______ the library book?
[题例2]In Changsha it’s very hot in summer and very c _______ in winter.
[题例3]I went to the hospital this morning and Doctor Smith gave me some m.
[题例4]We all know forty-five minutes is three q .
[题例5]The Yellow River is the second l one in China.
[步骤1]定义:通读全句掌握其大意,并借助于首字母确定所填词汇的含义。
[简析]题例1:在图书馆借书,常问书能借多长时间,因此,结合首字母“k”,该句可定义为:图书馆的书我能“借”多久?
题例2:长沙的夏天很炎热,因此,结合首字母“c”,该句可定义为:长沙的夏天很热而冬天非常“冷”。
题例3:去医院看病,医生常会开药治病,因此结合首字母“m”,该句可定义为:今天早晨我去医院看病,史密斯医生给我开了一些“药”。
题例4:这是一道常识题,结合首字母“q”,该句可定义为:众所周知45分钟就是三“刻”钟。
题例5:黄河是中华民族的母亲河,也是中国第二条最长的河流。结合首字母“l”,该句可定义为:黄河是中国第二条“最长”的河流。
[步骤2]定性:根据空格在全句所处的位置,特别是依据空格前后的单词,分析句子成分,确定所填词的词性。
①动词作谓语。题例1中,句子缺少谓语,应填动词。
②形容词作表语或定语。题例2中,形容词作表语;题例5中,形容词作定语。
③名词作主语、宾语或表语。题例3中,名词作宾语;题例4中,名词作表语。
[步骤3]定形:在确定好所填词汇的词义、词性的基础上,再确定所填词汇的适当形式。
①如要填的是动词,则应注意其时态、语态及主谓一致等。特别应注意的是,汉语中的一个词有多个英语单词和其相对应时,应根据题目要求来确定应选词汇。如题例1中,“借”在初中英语中共有“borrow, lend和keep”这三个词,但根据题意,可知how long是对“一段时间状语”提问,所以只能选用延续性动词keep。
②形容词、副词应注意原级、比较级和最高级的使用。如题例2中,very后应接形容词cold的原级;题例5中,应用形容词long的最高级。
③名词应注意其所有格及单复数。其中名词的单复数可通过以下方法来判断:
a.看修饰语。 b.看主谓一致。 c.可数名词若无单数修饰语一律用复数。 d.看其他暗示。如:题例3中,medicine是不可数名词;题例4中,quarter前有复数修饰语three,故应填复数quarters.
[步骤4]定答案:在确定好所填词汇的词义、词性和词形后,最终确定试题的答案。
要正确地拼写单词,应注意下列几点:
①注意单词的大小写。学科、月份、国籍及一些专有名词的首字母应大写,在抄写答案时不能改为小写。
②注意单词最末字母是否要双写。如:stop的过去式是stopped。
③注意拼写复杂的单词,不能与其他词混淆。如:tired和tried; quiet和quite。
经过上述四步,试题答案已基本确定。如时间允许,同学们可以把答案放到题目中作进一步检查,看看全句前后是否符合逻辑,意思是否通顺连贯;即使时间很紧,也应检查一下单词的拼写是否符合规范,答案与对应的题号是否一致等。
题型二、题型三和题型四的解题方法可参照上法的第二、三、四步。
复习指南
首先,从考纲所提供的“四会”词汇中将名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词和介词挑选出来,从而缩小所需复习词汇的范围,以提高复习效率。
其次,将这些词汇再进行分类。如名词可按题材内容归类为时间类(季节、月份、星期名称等),自然类(江、河、湖、洋等)等。这样进行分类复习,可以避免机械、无效的记忆。
接着,从词的音、形、义以及词的搭配和组合、词的活用和辨析等诸多方面,来掌握这些词的典型用法,熟记一些例句。特别是要加强对那些常用、易拼错、字母较多或容易遗忘的单词的记忆。
最后,在考前进行适当的专项训练,形成解题能力。这也是一种行之有效的应试方法。
总之,绝大多数的中考词汇题都体现了对单词考查的语境化,具有容量大、知识覆盖面广等特点。要做好该题型,考生既要具备扎实的单词拼写能力,又要形成适当的应试策略和解题方法。
迎考专练
A) 根据句子意思,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. —Why is the boy so _______ (patient)?
—Because he has waited for his friend for a long time.
2. Simon is _______ (good) at English than anyone else in his class.
3. —Why do you think that the young man is strange?
—Because he hates to be like others, and does everything _______(difference).
4. “Once you made a _______(decide),you’d better not change it easily,” the mother said to her son.
5. I have never read such a good book before. I believe it is worth _______(read) twice.
6. —Zhang Yimou is one of the greatest _______(direct) in our country.
—That’s right. He is almost famous to everyone in China.
7. What a _______ (surprise) ending. You’ll find the murderer is a policeman at the end of the film.
8. As we all know Prime Zhou Enlai devoted all his lifetime to _______(work) for Chinese people.
9. It’s reported that the victim was killed by a gun and bled to _______(die) in the end.
10. When autumn comes,the _______(leaf) on this kind of trees always turn red.
B)根据句意及汉语提示,拼写单词,使句子完整、正确。
1. — I am not sure which tie to wear for the party.
— God!I have no idea,_______(也).
2. It is reported that _______(千) of people in that province are suffering from the H1N1 flu.
3. —Which is _______(远) from Shanxi, Guangzhou or Beijing?
—Guangzhou.
4. I’m sorry that I can’t _______(借) my bike to you. It’s broken.
5. It’s well-known that paper-making is one of the greatest _______ (发明) of ancient China.
6. —Why don’t you take the bike, Henry?
—It’s too expensive. I can’t _______(买得起) it.
7. Yang Fen _______(花费) every Saturday afternoon volunteering in an old people’s home.
8. —What’s your cousin busy doing now?
—Oh, he is _______(订购) a digital camera online.
9. — How beautiful your hometown is!
—Yes, a number of trees are _______(栽) around Yancheng every year.
10. Look at the sky! The kites are flying so _______(高) that they look like small birds.
C)根据句意及首字母提示补全单词,使句子完整、正确。
1. —I think that animals should live in zoos.
—I d_______with you. They’d better live in the natural forests.
2. As we all know J_______ is the seventh month of a year.
3. —It’s our duty to protect the e .
—That’s right. We need a clean and beautiful world.
4. Please change a skirt for me. I don’t like red. In fact, I like all colours e _______ this.
5. It’s reported that a young man r _______ an old man of lots of money on a busy street yesterday.
6. The air in that small village is very clean. So you can see a r _______ after a heavy rain in summer there.
7. —Why are you so s_______ this morning?
—Because I watched TV until 11 o’clock last night and got up very early this morning.
8. Many students of my age feel stressed, and I think that one major c _______ of stress is homework.
9. — Taking a walk in the evening is a good h.
— So it is. It keeps us healthy.
10. Normally, water boils at a t _______ of 100℃.
D)根据句意和括号中的英文释义写出句中所缺单词,使句子通顺。
1. —The air _______(the state of being dirty) in our city is serious.
—That’s right. Something must be done to stop it.
2. The climbers tried to find a new _______ (a way to go from one place to another) to the top of the mountain, but they failed in the end.
3. The brave young man rushed into the fire and _______(kept someone safe from danger) the little girl.
4. —Help yourself to some _______ (delicious;nice) fish.
—Yes, thanks.
5. Our English teacher always _______(strongly advise) us to speak more English in his class.
6. Luckily, the old man _______(continued to live) after the earthquake.
7. I don’t think it’s necessay for the parents to _______(give something to someone) everything for their children.
8. —Why did the girl _______(shout loudly)?
—Because she saw a snake just now.
9. When the people there _______(got to know and understand something) the sandstorm was a very serious problem, they took action to plant many trees at once.
10. —Are you a basketball _______(people who likes somebody or something very much)?
—Yes. And Yao Ming is my favorite player.
参考答案
A) 1. impatient2. better3. differently4. decision5. reading6. directors7. surprising8. working9. death10. leaves
B) 1. either2. thousands3. farther4. lend5. inventions6. afford7. spends8. ordering9. planted10. high
C) 1. disagree2. July3. environment4. except5. robbed6. rainbow 7. sleepy8. cause9. habit10. temperature
D) 1. pollution2. route3. saved4. tasty5. encourages6. survived7. provide8. scream9. realized10. fan