Aim:To test whether the neurogenic differentiation(NeuroD)protein could alle-viate symptoms of diabetes mellitus by its transduction activity in vivo.Methods:Type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice was induced by ip(intraperitoneal)injection ofstreptozotocin(150 mg/kg).One group of diabetic mice were intravenouslyinjected with the NeuroD-EGFP(Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein)(5 mg/kg,n=6)and the other group with EGFP(5 mg/kg,n=5).After the transduction ofNeuroD-EGFP,the distribution of the protein was examined by means of frozensection under fluorescent microscope observation.We conducted RT-PCR andReal-time quantitative PCR to measure the transcription levels of insulin mRNA.Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the insulin protein.Radioimmu-noassay was conducted to determine the serum insulin levels.Blood glucoselevels and body weights were regularly recorded after the protein administration.Results:The NeuroD protein can be transduced into cells in vivo with a highefficiency of nearly 100%.Insulin mRNA was highly expressed in NeuroD-treateddiabetic mice,38-fold higher than that of control group(P<0.05).Immunohis-tochemistry revealed enteric insulin expression in the NeuroD-treated diabeticmice.The fasting serum insulin level of the NeuroD-EGFP group(n=6)was 337±39pg/mL,significantly higher than that of the control diabetic mice(n=5)which was84+23 pg/mL(P<0.01,t-test).Records of blood glucose level also displayed alle-viation of hyperglycemia after NeuroD administration(P<0.01,t-test,n=6).Conclusion:In vivo-transduced NeuroD in the small intestine remained function-ally active and could ameliorate the non-fasting glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced,diabetic mice by inducing enteric insulin expression. Aim: To test whether the neurogenic differentiation (NeuroD) protein could alle-viate symptoms of diabetes mellitus by its transduction activity in vivo. Methods: Type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice was induced by ip (intraperitoneal) injection of streptozotocin (150 mg / kg) .One group of diabetic mice were intravenously injected with the NeuroD-EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) (5 mg / kg, n = 6) and the other group with EGFP (5 mg / kg, n = 5) .After the transduction ofNeuroD -EGFP, the distribution of the protein was examined by means of frozensection under fluorescent microscope observation. We conducted RT-PCR and Real-time quantitative PCR to measure the transcription levels of insulin mRNA. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the insulin protein. Radioimmu-noassay was conducted to determine the serum insulin levels. Blood glucose levels and body weights were regularly recorded after the protein administration. Results: The NeuroD protein can be transduced into cells in vivo with a highefficiency of nea rly 100%. Insulin mRNA was highly expressed in NeuroD-treated diabetic mice, 38-fold higher than that of control group (P <0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the inic insulin expression in the NeuroD-treated diabetic mice. fasting serum insulin level of The NeuroD-EGFP group (n = 6) was 337 ± 39 pg / mL, significantly higher than that of the control diabetic mice (n = 5) which was 84 + 23 pg / mL Blood glucose level also displayed alle-viation of hyperglycemia after NeuroD administration (P <0.01, t-test, n = 6) .Conlusion: In vivo-transduced NeuroD in the small intestine remained function-ally active and could ameliorate the non-fasting glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced, diabetic mice by inducing enteric insulin expression.