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正统十四年(1449)秋,明军于土木堡(今河北怀来土木镇)大败于瓦剌,英宗被俘,导致严重的军事危机,这已是广为人知的事实。但不同时代、不同作者对这次战役的记载颇多歧异与疑点,尚需梳理史料以澄清事实;明军参战人数、瓦剌军行进路线、明军回军策略以及明边镇在土木之战中的作用等诸多问题仍需探讨;以此为例,并可初步认识明代中期京营、边镇的规模和有关明代前中期史籍记载的可信程度。
In the autumn of the 14th year of orthodox (1449), it was well known that the Ming army defeated the Wala and Yingzong prisoners at the Tumu Fort (now Hebei Huilai Tumu Town), leading to a serious military crisis. However, in different times, different authors have recorded many differences and doubts about the battle. It is still necessary to sort out the historical facts to clarify the facts. The number of military incumbences, the military route of the Wrasse Army, the strategy of returning the armed forces to the Ming army, and the battle of the Ming dynasty in civil war The role and many other issues still need to be explored; as an example, and preliminary understanding of the mid-Ming Dynasty Beijing Camp, the size of the town and about the credibility of historical records before the Ming Dynasty.