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本文是作者继《元朝的特性——蒙元史若干问题的思考》和《论金元皇权与贵族政治》之后又一篇从宏观上讨论元朝政治形态的作品。文章认为,作为中国古代第一个由北方民族建立的统一王朝,元朝政治最基本的特征是其“家天下”政治形态,而这可能也是理解元朝政治最关键的一把钥匙。其具体表现,主要是皇权(含汗权)独尊,臣僚奴化,宗亲分封,家臣执政。尽管中国历代王朝从广义上讲都是“家天下”政权,但蒙元王朝在这方面无疑属于比较突出和明显的一例,并且其内容带有一些来自草原游牧民族的特殊性。这些内容多少不等地对明朝政治产生了影响,与汉地制度、意识形态领域内既有的尊君、忠君倾向相结合,共同成为明朝极端君主专制集权制度的来源。
This article is the author following the “characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty - a number of issues of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty thinking” and “on the imperial imperial power and aristocracy” after another macro-discussion of the political form of the works of the Yuan Dynasty. The article holds that as the first unified dynasty established by the northern peoples in ancient China, the most basic feature of the politics of the Yuan Dynasty was its political status, which may also be the most crucial key to understand the politics of the Yuan Dynasty. Its specific performance, mainly the imperial power (including Khan right) solemn respect, bureaucrats enslaved, clan separation, retainers ruling. Although all previous dynasties in China were broadly speaking “powerhouse” regimes, the Mongolian dynasty undoubtedly belonged in this respect to one of the more prominent and obvious cases, and its content came from the particularity of nomadic ethnic groups in the grasslands. These contents have influenced unequivocally the politics of Ming dynasty and combined with the Han dynasty system and the existing tendency of respecting and loyal monarch in the field of ideology to jointly become the source of the monarchy and authoritarian system of monarchy in the Ming Dynasty.