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铁道线路由于列车运行和自然力的作用,不仅发生弹性变形,而且产生永久变形。永久变形达到一定限度,就危及行车安全,必须进行整修和更新。此外,随着铁路运量的增长,列车轴重的增加,行车速度的提高,再加上新技术、新设备的发展,有些线路还必须更换重型钢轨或增加枕木配置根数,或系用新型线路构造,如:无缝线路、轨枕板、新型轨下基础等。这些整修、更新和设备现代化的工作,工作量很大,技术问题很多,质量要求很高,牵涉面广,靠维修是不行的,必须由大修去完成。铁路线路设备大修的基本任务,是根据运输需要及线路设备损耗规律周期性地、有计划地对损耗部分更新和修理,恢复和提高设备强度,延长设备使用寿命,恢复和增强轨道承载能力。
Due to the function of train running and natural forces, railway lines not only deform elastically but also permanently deform. Permanent deformation reaches a certain limit, endanger traffic safety, must be renovated and updated. In addition, with the increase of railway traffic, the increase of train axle load, the increase of traffic speed, and the development of new technology and new equipment, some lines must also replace heavy rail or increase the number of sleepers, Line structure, such as: seamless lines, sleepers, the new base under the rail. These refurbishment, renovation and modernization of equipment work heavy workload, a lot of technical problems, high quality requirements, a wide range of involved, rely on maintenance is not enough, must be overhauled to complete. The basic task of railroad line equipment overhaul is to regularly and systematically update and repair the worn parts according to the transportation needs and the loss rules of the line equipment, recover and improve the equipment strength, prolong the service life of the equipment, and restore and enhance the rail bearing capacity.