在中国思想文化近代化的发展历程中,有三个值得注意的转折时期,一个是十七世纪中叶前后的明清之际,一个是十八世纪末十九世纪初的清乾嘉时期,还有一个是十九世纪中叶的鸦片战争前后。众所周知,明清之际是我国封建社会晚期历史上一个剧烈动荡的时期,资本主义萌芽发展、新的市民阶层出现并与封建经济体系产生矛盾,阶级矛盾、民族矛盾都异常尖锐复杂,反映在意识形态领域内,出现了一大批具有民主色彩的进步思想家,黄宗羲、顾炎武、王夫之等便是其中杰出的代表, There are three notable turning points in the development of China’s ideological and cultural modernization. One is the Ming and Qing dynasties around the mid-seventeenth century, one was the Qing and Jia dynasties from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century, and another It was around the Opium War in the mid-19th century. As we all know, the occasion of Ming and Qing Dynasties was a period of violent turbulence in the late history of feudal society in our country. The emergence of capitalism sprouted and new civic strata appeared and contradicted the feudal economic system. Class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were exceptionally sharp and complex and were reflected in awareness A large number of progressive thinkers with democratic overtones appeared in the field of morphology. Among them, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi, among others,