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说起3D，大家已经一点儿也不陌生了，本期《达人密码》，就让我们来见识一下3D打印机吧。
3D printing is essentially exactly what it sounds like, producing a 3D object by printing it layer by layer, and it’s now 1)catching on with those who need to create 3D models quickly and cheaply: designers who need to test the look and feel of their 2)prototypes and concept devices in the real world, artists wanting to bring 3)outrageous designs to life, and architects who need to create precision scale models of their building plans. There’s even talk that, in the future, buildings themselves will be printed section by section. And recently the technology has become cheap enough to go mainstream. You can design your own models on line, and then get them printed, packaged and posted straight to you. It’s even possible to print in colour.
The process starts with a scanner. Here it is. What you have are two lenses at the top, which are taking tens of photos every second, and down the bottom you have a 4)projector, which is projecting a 5)grid onto the subject—so I’ll show you what it looks like on the screen—and the grid is collecting 6)geometric data, so 3D data about the subject that’s being scanned.
All that data is then fed into this piece of software, which essentially 7)stitches all of those photos together. It uses the geometric data to form the 3D model of my head. Now it does need the human touch, hence Jake is here. He’s going to tidy up all the extra bits of noise, the random dots that have crept into the scan and also fill in a hole in my face, which we found. Once he’s done that, he adds the texture and the colour back onto the head, presses “go” and it sends all that information to the print station.
Now, at this point, you have a choice of three different types of 3D printer. This one is using a kind of powder substance. If you look in there, you can see the powder and you can also see what looks like an ink-jet printer head. That is because that’s exactly what it is. It’s using a normal ink-jet printer head to pump coloured glue into the powder, but only where it needs to set that particular cross-section. Then once that layer’s done, the whole bed of powder drops down, more powder’s added and then just a bit for the next cross-section is pumped in and set. This is the kind of thing that this powder 3D printer will produce.
Now next up, round here, we’ve got something that looks a little bit more like a microwave oven, and that’s because, essentially, it does get very hot in there. This is a 3D printer that’s using 8)resin, and you can see inside, again, it’s building up the head layer by layer. And this is the kind of thing that this printer will produce. This is some kind of stadium or other, and this kind of printing is useful for producing injection molded stuff and also “snap fix” kits; things that you’ll put together afterwards. You’ll pop the different parts out and glue them together yourself.
Now this is possibly the weirdest printer in my mind, because it’s actually using paper. It’s got a big ream of A4 white paper there, and what it does is load the paper, sheet by sheet, onto this bed, glue it to the previous sheet of paper, and then a fine blade cuts out just the top layer into the shape of the cross-section you need, then the whole bed lowers down and more paper is added. And you can get some really 9)bizarre creations, like this one, which is made of paper, but there is no other way of coming up with something like this if you’re just making it out of paper.
正如字面所示，“三维打印”就是通过层层塑印而制成三维立体的物件，是当今蔚然成风的新技术，尤其适合那些需要快速而低成本地制作立体模型的人群：比如，需要把原型和概念设计带到现实世界以测试其外观及感觉的设计师们、想将大胆创作栩栩如生地呈现的艺术家们，还有需要把设计方案以精准比例模型表现的建筑师们。还有人说，将来，建筑物本身就会是这样一部分一部分地打印而后合成的。最近，这一科技的成本已降至低位，令三维打印足以迈向大众消费市场。你可以在网上设计好自己的模型，接着下单印制、包装该模型，然后直接邮寄到府。甚至还有彩色打印的服务。
整个过程首先需要用这台扫描仪来扫描对象。就是这台仪器。你可以看到上面有两个镜头，能每秒拍摄数十张相片，而下面这个是投影仪，会往对象投射光束网格——我来给你看看在屏幕上这是怎么回事——这网格会搜集立体几何数据，也就是说扫描进去的是对象的三维影像数据。
所有这些数据之后会被输送到电脑通过这一种软件来处理，基本上就是把拍摄到的照片缝合到一起来。程序会利用那些几何数据整合出我的三维头像。人工操作还是不可缺的，所以我要请来杰克。他会整理所有多余的噪点和那些扫描进来的随机点，另外我们发现我的头像上有个小洞，这也需要他来填补好。做好这些修补工作后，他会给头像添加上质感和颜色，按“开始”键，所有这些信息就会被传送到打印工作台。
来到这一步，你可以选择三种不同的立体打印机。眼前这台打印机用的是一种粉末状的介质。往里面看，你可以看到那些粉末，还有貌似喷墨打印机喷头的装置，没错，就是那种喷头。这机器使用常规的喷墨打印机喷头把有色胶水喷到粉末上，当然，只是往横截面上需要塑制的特定部分上喷。而当那一层做好后，粉末床会沉降并添上新一层粉末以备喷洒胶水塑成下一横截面。这台粉末三维打印机印制出来的就是这个样子的。
接着过来这边，我们有台机器，样子跟微波炉有点像，这么说其实是因为这边被它弄得挺热的。这是以树脂为介质的三维打印机。同样，大家可以往打印机的内部看，头像就是这样一层层地印制出来。这机器制作出来的东西就是这样的效果。大家现在看到的是某种体育场的模型吧，这种印制方式尤其适用于注塑产品和拼合模型，也就是那种需要把不同组件掰下来再自己动手粘合成形的模型。
在我看来这边这台应该算是最怪的打印机了，因为它倒真是用纸做打印介质的。厚厚的一大叠A4纸在那儿，机器先是把纸一张一张地叠放到切割床上，纸与纸之间用胶水粘合上，然后锋利的刀片按照你需要的横截面效果往纸叠的顶层切割下去，之后整个切割床降下，叠加上更多的纸张。用上这台打印机，你可以做出一些奇异的效果，像我手上这个，虽然是用纸“印制”的，但如果你仅仅是剪纸折纸什么的，绝对是做不出这样的效果。
3D printing is essentially exactly what it sounds like, producing a 3D object by printing it layer by layer, and it’s now 1)catching on with those who need to create 3D models quickly and cheaply: designers who need to test the look and feel of their 2)prototypes and concept devices in the real world, artists wanting to bring 3)outrageous designs to life, and architects who need to create precision scale models of their building plans. There’s even talk that, in the future, buildings themselves will be printed section by section. And recently the technology has become cheap enough to go mainstream. You can design your own models on line, and then get them printed, packaged and posted straight to you. It’s even possible to print in colour.
The process starts with a scanner. Here it is. What you have are two lenses at the top, which are taking tens of photos every second, and down the bottom you have a 4)projector, which is projecting a 5)grid onto the subject—so I’ll show you what it looks like on the screen—and the grid is collecting 6)geometric data, so 3D data about the subject that’s being scanned.
All that data is then fed into this piece of software, which essentially 7)stitches all of those photos together. It uses the geometric data to form the 3D model of my head. Now it does need the human touch, hence Jake is here. He’s going to tidy up all the extra bits of noise, the random dots that have crept into the scan and also fill in a hole in my face, which we found. Once he’s done that, he adds the texture and the colour back onto the head, presses “go” and it sends all that information to the print station.
Now, at this point, you have a choice of three different types of 3D printer. This one is using a kind of powder substance. If you look in there, you can see the powder and you can also see what looks like an ink-jet printer head. That is because that’s exactly what it is. It’s using a normal ink-jet printer head to pump coloured glue into the powder, but only where it needs to set that particular cross-section. Then once that layer’s done, the whole bed of powder drops down, more powder’s added and then just a bit for the next cross-section is pumped in and set. This is the kind of thing that this powder 3D printer will produce.
Now next up, round here, we’ve got something that looks a little bit more like a microwave oven, and that’s because, essentially, it does get very hot in there. This is a 3D printer that’s using 8)resin, and you can see inside, again, it’s building up the head layer by layer. And this is the kind of thing that this printer will produce. This is some kind of stadium or other, and this kind of printing is useful for producing injection molded stuff and also “snap fix” kits; things that you’ll put together afterwards. You’ll pop the different parts out and glue them together yourself.
Now this is possibly the weirdest printer in my mind, because it’s actually using paper. It’s got a big ream of A4 white paper there, and what it does is load the paper, sheet by sheet, onto this bed, glue it to the previous sheet of paper, and then a fine blade cuts out just the top layer into the shape of the cross-section you need, then the whole bed lowers down and more paper is added. And you can get some really 9)bizarre creations, like this one, which is made of paper, but there is no other way of coming up with something like this if you’re just making it out of paper.
正如字面所示，“三维打印”就是通过层层塑印而制成三维立体的物件，是当今蔚然成风的新技术，尤其适合那些需要快速而低成本地制作立体模型的人群：比如，需要把原型和概念设计带到现实世界以测试其外观及感觉的设计师们、想将大胆创作栩栩如生地呈现的艺术家们，还有需要把设计方案以精准比例模型表现的建筑师们。还有人说，将来，建筑物本身就会是这样一部分一部分地打印而后合成的。最近，这一科技的成本已降至低位，令三维打印足以迈向大众消费市场。你可以在网上设计好自己的模型，接着下单印制、包装该模型，然后直接邮寄到府。甚至还有彩色打印的服务。
整个过程首先需要用这台扫描仪来扫描对象。就是这台仪器。你可以看到上面有两个镜头，能每秒拍摄数十张相片，而下面这个是投影仪，会往对象投射光束网格——我来给你看看在屏幕上这是怎么回事——这网格会搜集立体几何数据，也就是说扫描进去的是对象的三维影像数据。
所有这些数据之后会被输送到电脑通过这一种软件来处理，基本上就是把拍摄到的照片缝合到一起来。程序会利用那些几何数据整合出我的三维头像。人工操作还是不可缺的，所以我要请来杰克。他会整理所有多余的噪点和那些扫描进来的随机点，另外我们发现我的头像上有个小洞，这也需要他来填补好。做好这些修补工作后，他会给头像添加上质感和颜色，按“开始”键，所有这些信息就会被传送到打印工作台。
来到这一步，你可以选择三种不同的立体打印机。眼前这台打印机用的是一种粉末状的介质。往里面看，你可以看到那些粉末，还有貌似喷墨打印机喷头的装置，没错，就是那种喷头。这机器使用常规的喷墨打印机喷头把有色胶水喷到粉末上，当然，只是往横截面上需要塑制的特定部分上喷。而当那一层做好后，粉末床会沉降并添上新一层粉末以备喷洒胶水塑成下一横截面。这台粉末三维打印机印制出来的就是这个样子的。
接着过来这边，我们有台机器，样子跟微波炉有点像，这么说其实是因为这边被它弄得挺热的。这是以树脂为介质的三维打印机。同样，大家可以往打印机的内部看，头像就是这样一层层地印制出来。这机器制作出来的东西就是这样的效果。大家现在看到的是某种体育场的模型吧，这种印制方式尤其适用于注塑产品和拼合模型，也就是那种需要把不同组件掰下来再自己动手粘合成形的模型。
在我看来这边这台应该算是最怪的打印机了，因为它倒真是用纸做打印介质的。厚厚的一大叠A4纸在那儿，机器先是把纸一张一张地叠放到切割床上，纸与纸之间用胶水粘合上，然后锋利的刀片按照你需要的横截面效果往纸叠的顶层切割下去，之后整个切割床降下，叠加上更多的纸张。用上这台打印机，你可以做出一些奇异的效果，像我手上这个，虽然是用纸“印制”的，但如果你仅仅是剪纸折纸什么的，绝对是做不出这样的效果。