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70年代油价上涨导致发达国家能源困难,但对产油国的印度尼西亚来说,却出现了石油带来的经济繁荣。进入80年代以后,情况发生了逆转,国际市场上石油价格猛跌。虽然从1986年开始,印度尼西亚就实行财政紧缩的政策,但是其债务累计额已接近1000亿美元。债务(公共债务和私人债务总和)在国民生产总值(GNP)中的比重增大了一倍多,1980年为28%,1990年增到66%。不过,印度尼西亚国别特定风险成本不是很大,并且其债务的增长促进了投资的快速增长,而不是导致过度消费。从1990年以来,经常项目帐户逆差平均不到国内生产总值的30%,而净国民储蓄已超过国民生产总值的20%。印度尼西亚的这些经济变化导源于其外贸体制和政策,因此,本文拟对印度尼西亚的对外贸易体制、对外经济贸易合作、贸易与产业政策的部门影响力、国际直接投资(FDI)、印尼在关贸总协定(GATT)乌拉圭回合中的承诺、其投资和贸易政策的自由化措施做一些初浅的探讨。
The oil price hikes in the 1970s led to energy difficulties in the developed countries, but for the oil-producing countries of Indonesia, there was an economic boom brought about by oil. After entering the 1980s, the situation reversed and the oil price plummeted in the international market. Although Indonesia has imposed fiscal austerity measures since 1986, its accumulated debt has reached nearly 100 billion U.S. dollars. Debt, the sum of public debt and private debt, more than doubled the share of gross national product (GNP) in 1980 to 28% and in 1990 to 66%. However, the country-specific risk costs of Indonesia are not significant, and the growth of their debt contributes to the rapid growth of investment rather than overconsumption. Since 1990, the current account deficit has averaged less than 30% of GDP, while net national saving has exceeded 20% of GNP. These economic changes in Indonesia originate from their foreign trade systems and policies. Therefore, this article is intended to analyze the influence of Indonesia’s foreign trade system, foreign economic relations and trade, sectoral influence of trade and industrial policies, international direct investment (FDI) Agreement (GATT) Uruguay Round commitment, its investment and trade liberalization measures to do some preliminary discussion.