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阅读理解中的长句是制约考生对所给材料进行准确理解的主要障碍之一,语篇中的长句往往有与之相对应的设题,结合近年高考试题不难发现,以下四个因素主要导致了阅读理解中长句的出现:非谓语动词短语、复合句、同位语以及多种结构交错使用。只要能有效驾驭长句的句子结构,对其化繁为简,进行各个击破,就可以轻松领会长句所传递的信息。下面以2009年部分典型的高考试题为例说明对上述因素的处理策略。
一、非谓语动词短语
主要表现为非谓语动词短语在句中充当不同的句子成分致使长句出现,如定语、表语、状语、补语、主语及宾语等,当句中出现多个动词或动词短语时,与句子主语对应的谓语动词往往靠后。例:
1. “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing,” says Peter Schantz. (2009全国卷I C篇)
分析 该句的主要句子结构为:“Laws need changing,”says Peter Schantz. (Peter Schantz说,“法律需要修改。”)直接引语中句子主语laws被后置现在分词短语allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control修饰。
译文 Peter Schantz说:“允许动物不加以更严格的控制就迁出深山的法律需要修改了。”
2. To understand how these products can be legally promoted to the public, it is necessary to understand something of the laws covering their regulation. (2009山东卷B篇)
分析 句中it作形式主语,后置的不定式短语作真正主语,covering their regulation作定语修饰the laws, 句首的不定式短语表示条件。
译文 如果想弄明白这些商品是被怎样合法地推销给公众的,那么了解一些涉及它们管理的法规就显得有必要了。
二、复合句
当一个句子含有两套或两套以上的主谓结构时,就牵涉到复合句的使用,复合句通常以“三大从句”的形式加以表现,即:定语从句、状语从句及名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。复合句是阅读理解中导致长难句出现的重要因素,对此要能抓住相应句子的关键部分,采用“逐层理解”的办法,这样就能弄清楚句子的意思。例:
1. The chief editor of the Times said recently,“At places where they gather, editors ask one another,‘How are you?’,as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case.”(2009全国卷II D篇)
分析 直接引语中含一个由as if引导的方式状语从句,地点状语at places后接where引起的定语从句。
译文 《纽约时报》的主编最近说:“编辑们会面时他们习惯相互问候,好像是刚出院或刚打输了一场官司。”
2. Perhaps they(places) were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. (2009天津卷A篇)
分析 整个句子是一个由连词or连接的并列句,后一分句为表语从句,即:the people were originally from the places. 表语从句的主语the people后接who引导的定语从句,介词宾语the places后接关系代词that引导的定语从句。
译文 两个地方被命以相同的名字,这样做的目的或许是要推动两地之间的友谊,也可能是过去居住在那里的人用他们最初居住地的地名来命名后来的地方。
三、同位语
同位语通常由名词短语或同位语从句充当,其作用是对前面的名词进行补充说明,使其内容具体化,尤其要理解好含双重同位语的长句。例:
1. It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy(遗产)—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole community(社区) and last for generations to come. (2009山东卷A篇)
分析 句子的主要成分为:It was the Hatches’wish. 名词wish后是that引出的同位语从句(that their legacy should enrich the whole community and last for generations to come.),而a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents 又充当了同位语从句中主语their legacy的同位语。
译文 Hatch夫妇的愿望是,他们的遗产,哪怕只是分文,都将作为一种善举让整个社区以及他们身后的一代代人受益。
2. There is no convincing evidence that social conditioning, the fact that girls’ mothers talked to them more, is the reason why girls talk more than boys. (2009江苏卷A篇)
分析 抽象名词evidence后是that引起的同位语从句,同位语从句的主要成分为:Social conditioning is the reason. 同位语从句的主语social conditioning后又接了一个同位语the fact that girls’mothers talked to them more,表语the reason后接了一个由关系副词why引导的定语从句。
译文 还不存在具有说服力的证据表明社会熏陶,即母亲与女孩的对话多于男孩,是女孩子比男孩子话多的原因。
四、多种结构交错使用
这类长句在表现形式上较为复杂,句中通常表现为非谓语动词短语、同位语、复合句、形容词短语及介词短语等之间的混合运用,这必然增加了对句子理解的难度,只有对涉及的各种语法现象和句子结构加以综合分析,理清句子层次和逻辑关系,才能正确理解句子意思。例:
1. When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. (2009全国卷I C篇)
分析 这是一个结构较为复杂的句子,主体为一个状语从句,即: When monkey-pox suddenly turns up in the American Midwest,it’s hard not to wonder if the disease is homing in on human beings. 在when引出的时间状语从句中,a disease作主语monkey-pox的同位语,同时过去分词短语found in the African rain forest作后置定语,修饰a disease;主句部分it作形式主语,真正的主语为后置的不定式短语,其中wonder后为if引出的宾语从句,宾语从句的主语the disease被定语that comes from foreign animals修饰。
译文 当这种通常在非洲雨林地带发现的疾病猴痘突然在美国中西部孩子身上出现的时候,人们很容易就会怀疑这种源于国外宠物的病症是否会在不久的将来转移到人群中。
2. What better place to rest than a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field and things are done in “Fiji time”? (2009全国卷II E篇)
分析 句子的主要结构为:What better place to rest than a country? “a country”后为关系副词where引导的两个并列定语从句,可将原句分解为:a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field(该定语从句的主语the only place后又接了另一个定语从句people hurry) and a country where things are done in“Fiji time”。
译文 对于休闲度假,难道还有比这个国家(斐济)更好的地方吗?在这里,足球场上是唯一可以让你感受到忙碌的地方了,一切都是按照斐济人特有的悠闲自得的生活节奏进行着。
巩固练习
请分析下列句子的主要结构并将其译为中文。
1. An increase in students applying to study economics at university is being attributed to(归因于) the global economic crisis awakening a public thirst for knowledge about how the financial system works. (2009山东卷D)
2. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus, which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. (2009江苏卷D)
参考答案
1. 句子的主要成分为:An increase is being attributed to the global economic crisis. applying to study economics at university在句中作后置定语,修饰students,而介词短语in students在句中则是作名词increase的后置定语;awakening a public thirst for knowledge在句中充当the global economic crisis(句子宾语)的后置定语。
译文 全球经济危机唤醒了公众对金融系统运行方面的知识渴望,这正是越来越多的大学生申请学习经济学的原因。
2. 过去分词短语mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus在句中作宾语small particles of rock的后置定语,而humus后则跟了一个which引导的非限制性定语从句。
译文 土壤表层由许多细小的石子微粒构成,这些石子微粒混有一种动植物腐烂后形成的肥料,叫做腐殖质,呈黑色,表层土壤也因此变黑。
编辑/梁宇清
一、非谓语动词短语
主要表现为非谓语动词短语在句中充当不同的句子成分致使长句出现,如定语、表语、状语、补语、主语及宾语等,当句中出现多个动词或动词短语时,与句子主语对应的谓语动词往往靠后。例:
1. “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing,” says Peter Schantz. (2009全国卷I C篇)
分析 该句的主要句子结构为:“Laws need changing,”says Peter Schantz. (Peter Schantz说,“法律需要修改。”)直接引语中句子主语laws被后置现在分词短语allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control修饰。
译文 Peter Schantz说:“允许动物不加以更严格的控制就迁出深山的法律需要修改了。”
2. To understand how these products can be legally promoted to the public, it is necessary to understand something of the laws covering their regulation. (2009山东卷B篇)
分析 句中it作形式主语,后置的不定式短语作真正主语,covering their regulation作定语修饰the laws, 句首的不定式短语表示条件。
译文 如果想弄明白这些商品是被怎样合法地推销给公众的,那么了解一些涉及它们管理的法规就显得有必要了。
二、复合句
当一个句子含有两套或两套以上的主谓结构时,就牵涉到复合句的使用,复合句通常以“三大从句”的形式加以表现,即:定语从句、状语从句及名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。复合句是阅读理解中导致长难句出现的重要因素,对此要能抓住相应句子的关键部分,采用“逐层理解”的办法,这样就能弄清楚句子的意思。例:
1. The chief editor of the Times said recently,“At places where they gather, editors ask one another,‘How are you?’,as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case.”(2009全国卷II D篇)
分析 直接引语中含一个由as if引导的方式状语从句,地点状语at places后接where引起的定语从句。
译文 《纽约时报》的主编最近说:“编辑们会面时他们习惯相互问候,好像是刚出院或刚打输了一场官司。”
2. Perhaps they(places) were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. (2009天津卷A篇)
分析 整个句子是一个由连词or连接的并列句,后一分句为表语从句,即:the people were originally from the places. 表语从句的主语the people后接who引导的定语从句,介词宾语the places后接关系代词that引导的定语从句。
译文 两个地方被命以相同的名字,这样做的目的或许是要推动两地之间的友谊,也可能是过去居住在那里的人用他们最初居住地的地名来命名后来的地方。
三、同位语
同位语通常由名词短语或同位语从句充当,其作用是对前面的名词进行补充说明,使其内容具体化,尤其要理解好含双重同位语的长句。例:
1. It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy(遗产)—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole community(社区) and last for generations to come. (2009山东卷A篇)
分析 句子的主要成分为:It was the Hatches’wish. 名词wish后是that引出的同位语从句(that their legacy should enrich the whole community and last for generations to come.),而a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents 又充当了同位语从句中主语their legacy的同位语。
译文 Hatch夫妇的愿望是,他们的遗产,哪怕只是分文,都将作为一种善举让整个社区以及他们身后的一代代人受益。
2. There is no convincing evidence that social conditioning, the fact that girls’ mothers talked to them more, is the reason why girls talk more than boys. (2009江苏卷A篇)
分析 抽象名词evidence后是that引起的同位语从句,同位语从句的主要成分为:Social conditioning is the reason. 同位语从句的主语social conditioning后又接了一个同位语the fact that girls’mothers talked to them more,表语the reason后接了一个由关系副词why引导的定语从句。
译文 还不存在具有说服力的证据表明社会熏陶,即母亲与女孩的对话多于男孩,是女孩子比男孩子话多的原因。
四、多种结构交错使用
这类长句在表现形式上较为复杂,句中通常表现为非谓语动词短语、同位语、复合句、形容词短语及介词短语等之间的混合运用,这必然增加了对句子理解的难度,只有对涉及的各种语法现象和句子结构加以综合分析,理清句子层次和逻辑关系,才能正确理解句子意思。例:
1. When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. (2009全国卷I C篇)
分析 这是一个结构较为复杂的句子,主体为一个状语从句,即: When monkey-pox suddenly turns up in the American Midwest,it’s hard not to wonder if the disease is homing in on human beings. 在when引出的时间状语从句中,a disease作主语monkey-pox的同位语,同时过去分词短语found in the African rain forest作后置定语,修饰a disease;主句部分it作形式主语,真正的主语为后置的不定式短语,其中wonder后为if引出的宾语从句,宾语从句的主语the disease被定语that comes from foreign animals修饰。
译文 当这种通常在非洲雨林地带发现的疾病猴痘突然在美国中西部孩子身上出现的时候,人们很容易就会怀疑这种源于国外宠物的病症是否会在不久的将来转移到人群中。
2. What better place to rest than a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field and things are done in “Fiji time”? (2009全国卷II E篇)
分析 句子的主要结构为:What better place to rest than a country? “a country”后为关系副词where引导的两个并列定语从句,可将原句分解为:a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field(该定语从句的主语the only place后又接了另一个定语从句people hurry) and a country where things are done in“Fiji time”。
译文 对于休闲度假,难道还有比这个国家(斐济)更好的地方吗?在这里,足球场上是唯一可以让你感受到忙碌的地方了,一切都是按照斐济人特有的悠闲自得的生活节奏进行着。
巩固练习
请分析下列句子的主要结构并将其译为中文。
1. An increase in students applying to study economics at university is being attributed to(归因于) the global economic crisis awakening a public thirst for knowledge about how the financial system works. (2009山东卷D)
2. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus, which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. (2009江苏卷D)
参考答案
1. 句子的主要成分为:An increase is being attributed to the global economic crisis. applying to study economics at university在句中作后置定语,修饰students,而介词短语in students在句中则是作名词increase的后置定语;awakening a public thirst for knowledge在句中充当the global economic crisis(句子宾语)的后置定语。
译文 全球经济危机唤醒了公众对金融系统运行方面的知识渴望,这正是越来越多的大学生申请学习经济学的原因。
2. 过去分词短语mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus在句中作宾语small particles of rock的后置定语,而humus后则跟了一个which引导的非限制性定语从句。
译文 土壤表层由许多细小的石子微粒构成,这些石子微粒混有一种动植物腐烂后形成的肥料,叫做腐殖质,呈黑色,表层土壤也因此变黑。
编辑/梁宇清