论文部分内容阅读
阅读理解能力是一项重要的语言技能，主要是培养学生用英语思维的能力及用英语获取信息、处理信息的能力。阅读理解要求我们既要具备一定的词汇量和语法知识，较高的语言经验积累及良好的语言感觉，又要具备一定的文化背景知识和相关的阅读技能。中考阅读材料在题材和体裁的选取上，更加重视具有鲜明时代特征、实用性强的语言材料，如报刊文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告及各类图表等。阅读重在考查学生对篇章的整体理解和把握。选择型阅读理解的解题方法和步骤如下：
1． 细读题干，心中有数。
细读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层次的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。
2． 速读全文，了解大意知主题。
抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题、归纳概括题、中心思想题往往直接可以从主题句中找到答案。
3． 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。
记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
4． 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创作性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文字的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。
5． 认真复查，避免失误。
这是最后一步，也是最重要的一步。我们在确定答案后，不能掉以轻心。在阅读和答题时，我们的大脑里已输入了不少信息，这时很有必要把所有的信息归纳整理一遍后再读一遍短文，认真检查答案，利用浏览和查阅等方法检查所选答案是否正确，是否符合逻辑，是否掉进设计者的“陷阱”中。发现错误，及时改正，力求万无一失。
请同学们按以上方法做一做下面的短文。
【中考链接】
Passage 1 故事类 (2008年盐城市)
The famous scientist and thinker, Charles Darwin, was born on February 12, 1809. As a boy, Charles liked to go for walks in the fields and forests. He enjoyed watching nature, and comparing what he saw with everything he had read in science books. He also liked collecting very much. He collected many things, birds, eggs, stones and leaves.
At sixteen Darwin was sent to Edinburgh University to become a doctor. But he was interested in the history of nature.
Then he was sent to study in Cambridge University. There he studied until 1831.
Some time later he heard that the ship Beagle was going on a trip to South America and wanted a scientist. His teacher advised him to go. So when the Beagle left England in December, 1831, Darwin was on it.
The trip lasted almost five years. Darwin saw many new plants and animals. He collected all kinds of plants.
In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent, and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same, and that they really change.
By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book The Origin of Species.
In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.
Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.
1. Where was Darwin born? ____.
A. In Germany B. In France C. In England D. In America
2. What kind of books did Darwin like reading when he was a boy? ____.
A. Science book B. Chemistry books C. History books D. Medical books
3. What did Darwin work as on the ship Beagle? ____.
A. A tourist B. A doctor C. A waiter D. A scientist
4. Which book was written by Darwin in 1871? ____.
A. The Origin of Species B. The Theory of Relativity
C. The Theory of Evolution D. The Old Man and the Sea
【答案与解析】1.C 达尔文是英国人，这在短文第四段中的So when the Beagle left England in December, 1831, Darwin was on it.这句话中体现出来。2.A 由短文第一段中的…everything he had read in science books.可知。3.D 由短文第四段可知。4.C A是《物种起源》写于1859年，B是爱因斯坦的《相对论》，D是海明威的《老人与海》，都应排除，所以正确答案为C。
Passage 2 科普类 (2008年咸宁市)
Are you carrying too much on your back at school? You’re not alone. Back experts(专家) in the USA are worried about that young students are having back and neck problems because they are carrying too much in their backpacks.
“It hurts my back when I run,” said Ebelin Reyes, a student in Virginia. “It’s hard to get up the stairs with my backpack because it’s too heavy.” Students have to carry heavy backpacks on their backs for a whole week’s study. Ebelin is one of them. They have regular(固定的) backpacks with two straps(带子) to carry them, but a number of students with heavy loads(负担) have switched to rolling backpacks. The backpacks have wheels and can roll on the ground. Shirley Park’s backpack weighs 10 kilos, and she said, “I’ll change to a rolling backpack because I am starting to have back pain.”
How much is too much? Experts say that students should carry no more than 10% to 15% of their own body weight. A few students have had a good ideas to lighten(减轻) the load: less homework.
Doctor’s suggestions:
(1)Lighten the load. Take home only the books the students need that day.
(2)Wide straps are better. They can send out weight over your shoulders(肩) and be sure to wear backpacks with two straps.
(3)The heaviest things should be packed closed to the back.
(4)Bend(弯曲) both knees when you pick up the pack, don’t just bend over the waist(腰).
1. The main idea of the passage is about ____.
A. the problems made by rolling backpacks
B. the advantage of backpacks
C. the best backpacks for students
D. how to lighten students’ backpacks
2. From what Ebelin Reys and Shirley Park said, we know ____.
A. students like to carry heavy backpacks
B. students have to do a lot of homework
C. backpacks with wheels are bad for students
D. students have no time to play because of heavy backpacks
3. The underlined word “switch to” means ____.
A. use for B. turn to C. catch up D. begin to use
4. According to the experts, it’s better for a student of 40 kilos to carry a backpack of ____ at most.
A. 10 kilos B. 8 kilos C. 6 kilos D. 7 kilos
5. If students follow the doctor’s suggestions, they ____.
A. may do less homework B. may feel their backpacks are lighter
C. can learn how to enjoy themselves D. will know why to wear heavy backpacks
【答案与解析】1.D 通读全文可知文章的主题是学生的背包过重的问题。2.B 由短文第二段可知这些学生背包很重，可能会有许多家庭作业。3.D 结合上下文和句意可知学生开始选择使用底部有轮子的包。4.C 由第三段中的…no more than 10% to 15% of…一句可计算出。
5.B 专家的建议都是关于减负的，当然选B。
Passage 3 应用文体、图文、广告类 (2008年南昌市)
WHAT’S ON IN SHANGHAI
This March is a busy month in Shanghai. There is lots to do. Here are the exciting activities. Live Music—Late Night Jazz(爵士乐).
Enjoy real American jazz from John Davis, the famous guitar player. This is his third visit to Shanghai. The first two were sold out so get your tickets quickly.
PLACE: The Jazz Club DATES: 15-23 March
PRICE: ￥120 TIME: 10p.m. till late!
TEL: 6466-8736
Scottish(苏格兰的) Dancing
Take your friends and get ready to dance till you get tired. Scottish dancing is fun easy to learn. Teachers there will teach you to dance.
PLACE: Jack Stein’s DATES: every Monday
PRICE: ￥60 TIME: 7p.m.-10p.m.
TEL: 6402-1877
Exhibitions—Shanghai Museum
There are 120,000 pieces on show here. You can see the whole of Chinese history. It’s always interesting to visit.
PLACE: Shanghai Museum DATES: daily
PRICE: ￥30 (￥15 for students) TEL: 6888-6888
TIME: Monday-Friday 9a.m.-5p.m., Weekends 9a.m.-9p.m.
1. If you want to watch John’s performance, you can call at ____ to book a ticket.
A. 6466-1877 B. 6888-6888 C. 6402-1877 D. 6466-8736
2. Bob and his friend want to go Scottish dancing. They should prepare ____ for the tickets.
A. ￥180 B. ￥120 C. ￥90 D. ￥60
3. At 2p.m. on Monday, you can ____.
A. enjoy real American jazz B. take your friend to do Scottish dancing
C. go to visit Shanghai Museum D. see the whole of the world history
【答案与解析】1.D 看John表演，要打第一则广告的电话。2.B 票价60元，两人当然120元。3.C 考查细节，周一的下午两点只有博物馆开放。
Passage 4 历史、地理、文化、习俗类 (2008年哈尔滨市)
根据表格所提供的信息选择最佳答案。
1. ____ has the largest population among these countries.
A. Italy B. Australia C. China
2. If you want to visit Big Ben(大本钟), you should travel to ____.
A. Rome B. London C. Beijing
3. You can visit ____ in the country with the smallest population.
A. the Opera House B. the Great Wall
C. the Leaning Tower of Pisa(比萨斜塔)
4. From the form, you can find ____ in Western Europe.
A. one country B. two countries C. three countries
5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the information in the form? ____.
A. Australia and Britain aren’t English-speaking countries
B. Rome is a city in Southern Europe
C. Canberra is the capital of Italy
【答案与解析】1.C 中国的人口在这四个国家中最多。2.B 大本钟在英国。3.A 在上面四个国家中，人口数量最少的是Australia，因此选A，the Opera House歌剧院在澳大利亚悉尼。4.A 从上面图表中看出只有一个国家在西欧。5.B 罗马是意大利的首都，意大利是南欧的一个国家。
1． 细读题干，心中有数。
细读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层次的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。
2． 速读全文，了解大意知主题。
抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题、归纳概括题、中心思想题往往直接可以从主题句中找到答案。
3． 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。
记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
4． 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创作性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文字的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。
5． 认真复查，避免失误。
这是最后一步，也是最重要的一步。我们在确定答案后，不能掉以轻心。在阅读和答题时，我们的大脑里已输入了不少信息，这时很有必要把所有的信息归纳整理一遍后再读一遍短文，认真检查答案，利用浏览和查阅等方法检查所选答案是否正确，是否符合逻辑，是否掉进设计者的“陷阱”中。发现错误，及时改正，力求万无一失。
请同学们按以上方法做一做下面的短文。
【中考链接】
Passage 1 故事类 (2008年盐城市)
The famous scientist and thinker, Charles Darwin, was born on February 12, 1809. As a boy, Charles liked to go for walks in the fields and forests. He enjoyed watching nature, and comparing what he saw with everything he had read in science books. He also liked collecting very much. He collected many things, birds, eggs, stones and leaves.
At sixteen Darwin was sent to Edinburgh University to become a doctor. But he was interested in the history of nature.
Then he was sent to study in Cambridge University. There he studied until 1831.
Some time later he heard that the ship Beagle was going on a trip to South America and wanted a scientist. His teacher advised him to go. So when the Beagle left England in December, 1831, Darwin was on it.
The trip lasted almost five years. Darwin saw many new plants and animals. He collected all kinds of plants.
In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent, and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same, and that they really change.
By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book The Origin of Species.
In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.
Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.
1. Where was Darwin born? ____.
A. In Germany B. In France C. In England D. In America
2. What kind of books did Darwin like reading when he was a boy? ____.
A. Science book B. Chemistry books C. History books D. Medical books
3. What did Darwin work as on the ship Beagle? ____.
A. A tourist B. A doctor C. A waiter D. A scientist
4. Which book was written by Darwin in 1871? ____.
A. The Origin of Species B. The Theory of Relativity
C. The Theory of Evolution D. The Old Man and the Sea
【答案与解析】1.C 达尔文是英国人，这在短文第四段中的So when the Beagle left England in December, 1831, Darwin was on it.这句话中体现出来。2.A 由短文第一段中的…everything he had read in science books.可知。3.D 由短文第四段可知。4.C A是《物种起源》写于1859年，B是爱因斯坦的《相对论》，D是海明威的《老人与海》，都应排除，所以正确答案为C。
Passage 2 科普类 (2008年咸宁市)
Are you carrying too much on your back at school? You’re not alone. Back experts(专家) in the USA are worried about that young students are having back and neck problems because they are carrying too much in their backpacks.
“It hurts my back when I run,” said Ebelin Reyes, a student in Virginia. “It’s hard to get up the stairs with my backpack because it’s too heavy.” Students have to carry heavy backpacks on their backs for a whole week’s study. Ebelin is one of them. They have regular(固定的) backpacks with two straps(带子) to carry them, but a number of students with heavy loads(负担) have switched to rolling backpacks. The backpacks have wheels and can roll on the ground. Shirley Park’s backpack weighs 10 kilos, and she said, “I’ll change to a rolling backpack because I am starting to have back pain.”
How much is too much? Experts say that students should carry no more than 10% to 15% of their own body weight. A few students have had a good ideas to lighten(减轻) the load: less homework.
Doctor’s suggestions:
(1)Lighten the load. Take home only the books the students need that day.
(2)Wide straps are better. They can send out weight over your shoulders(肩) and be sure to wear backpacks with two straps.
(3)The heaviest things should be packed closed to the back.
(4)Bend(弯曲) both knees when you pick up the pack, don’t just bend over the waist(腰).
1. The main idea of the passage is about ____.
A. the problems made by rolling backpacks
B. the advantage of backpacks
C. the best backpacks for students
D. how to lighten students’ backpacks
2. From what Ebelin Reys and Shirley Park said, we know ____.
A. students like to carry heavy backpacks
B. students have to do a lot of homework
C. backpacks with wheels are bad for students
D. students have no time to play because of heavy backpacks
3. The underlined word “switch to” means ____.
A. use for B. turn to C. catch up D. begin to use
4. According to the experts, it’s better for a student of 40 kilos to carry a backpack of ____ at most.
A. 10 kilos B. 8 kilos C. 6 kilos D. 7 kilos
5. If students follow the doctor’s suggestions, they ____.
A. may do less homework B. may feel their backpacks are lighter
C. can learn how to enjoy themselves D. will know why to wear heavy backpacks
【答案与解析】1.D 通读全文可知文章的主题是学生的背包过重的问题。2.B 由短文第二段可知这些学生背包很重，可能会有许多家庭作业。3.D 结合上下文和句意可知学生开始选择使用底部有轮子的包。4.C 由第三段中的…no more than 10% to 15% of…一句可计算出。
5.B 专家的建议都是关于减负的，当然选B。
Passage 3 应用文体、图文、广告类 (2008年南昌市)
WHAT’S ON IN SHANGHAI
This March is a busy month in Shanghai. There is lots to do. Here are the exciting activities. Live Music—Late Night Jazz(爵士乐).
Enjoy real American jazz from John Davis, the famous guitar player. This is his third visit to Shanghai. The first two were sold out so get your tickets quickly.
PLACE: The Jazz Club DATES: 15-23 March
PRICE: ￥120 TIME: 10p.m. till late!
TEL: 6466-8736
Scottish(苏格兰的) Dancing
Take your friends and get ready to dance till you get tired. Scottish dancing is fun easy to learn. Teachers there will teach you to dance.
PLACE: Jack Stein’s DATES: every Monday
PRICE: ￥60 TIME: 7p.m.-10p.m.
TEL: 6402-1877
Exhibitions—Shanghai Museum
There are 120,000 pieces on show here. You can see the whole of Chinese history. It’s always interesting to visit.
PLACE: Shanghai Museum DATES: daily
PRICE: ￥30 (￥15 for students) TEL: 6888-6888
TIME: Monday-Friday 9a.m.-5p.m., Weekends 9a.m.-9p.m.
1. If you want to watch John’s performance, you can call at ____ to book a ticket.
A. 6466-1877 B. 6888-6888 C. 6402-1877 D. 6466-8736
2. Bob and his friend want to go Scottish dancing. They should prepare ____ for the tickets.
A. ￥180 B. ￥120 C. ￥90 D. ￥60
3. At 2p.m. on Monday, you can ____.
A. enjoy real American jazz B. take your friend to do Scottish dancing
C. go to visit Shanghai Museum D. see the whole of the world history
【答案与解析】1.D 看John表演，要打第一则广告的电话。2.B 票价60元，两人当然120元。3.C 考查细节，周一的下午两点只有博物馆开放。
Passage 4 历史、地理、文化、习俗类 (2008年哈尔滨市)
根据表格所提供的信息选择最佳答案。
1. ____ has the largest population among these countries.
A. Italy B. Australia C. China
2. If you want to visit Big Ben(大本钟), you should travel to ____.
A. Rome B. London C. Beijing
3. You can visit ____ in the country with the smallest population.
A. the Opera House B. the Great Wall
C. the Leaning Tower of Pisa(比萨斜塔)
4. From the form, you can find ____ in Western Europe.
A. one country B. two countries C. three countries
5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the information in the form? ____.
A. Australia and Britain aren’t English-speaking countries
B. Rome is a city in Southern Europe
C. Canberra is the capital of Italy
【答案与解析】1.C 中国的人口在这四个国家中最多。2.B 大本钟在英国。3.A 在上面四个国家中，人口数量最少的是Australia，因此选A，the Opera House歌剧院在澳大利亚悉尼。4.A 从上面图表中看出只有一个国家在西欧。5.B 罗马是意大利的首都，意大利是南欧的一个国家。