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死因研讯和死亡调查一直被视为各国的国内法。因而,有关死亡调查的本国制度被认为是法律的一个主要渊源。生命权是人权的一个重要标志,是一种通过国际公约在国际上得到认可的权利,而死亡调查所涉及的死者身份、死亡地点、死亡原因都是有关生命权的关键问题。根据欧洲人权公约(ECUR)第2条的规定,任何人的生命权都应受到法律的保护。这一规定赋予了国家保护生命权的义务,从而当有人被非法杀害或者死于暴力,特别是死于国家紧急情况时,都能形成一种有效的官方调查机制。任何剥夺生命的行为,都必须受到最详尽的审查。例如对羁押之下发生的死亡情形、处于警察或者监狱管理人员的控制之下死亡的情形,政府有义务就死因提出合理的解释。然而问题是,欧洲人权公约能否被视为通用标准,特别是在死亡调查已经超越了国内法规定的职权范围时,能否为当地的死因研讯官所适用以维持调查的继续进行。因此有必要扩大对死因的调查范围,并且使之与欧洲人权公约第2条的规定保持一致。本文将通过分析最近报道的一系列案件,来分析欧洲人权公约在英国死因法律体系中的运用,并且探讨马来西亚死因研讯官运用欧洲人权公约所阐释的原则,提高死亡调查效率的可能性。
Inquests and death investigations have been considered national laws of all countries. Thus, the national system on death investigations is considered as one of the main sources of law. The right to life is an important symbol of human rights. It is an internationally recognized right to international conventions. The identity of the deceased person, the place of death and the cause of death are the key issues concerning the right to life. According to Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECUR), the right to life of any person shall be protected by law. This provision gives the state an obligation to protect the right to life, so that an effective official investigation mechanism can be formed when someone is killed or killed by violence, especially in a state emergency. Any deprivation of life must be most thoroughly examined. For example, in case of death in custody, under the control of the police or prison staff, the government is obligated to provide a reasonable explanation for the cause of death. The question, however, is whether the European convention on human rights can be regarded as a universal standard, especially if the death investigation has gone beyond the terms of reference laid down by domestic law and whether it can be applied by local cause of death investigators to keep the investigation going. It is therefore necessary to expand the scope of the investigation of the cause of death and to bring it into line with the provisions of article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article analyzes the use of the European Convention on Human Rights in the legal system of the cause of death in the United Kingdom by analyzing a series of recently reported cases and examines the possibility of using the principles explained in the European Convention on Human Rights by the Inquest Officer in Malaysia to improve the efficiency of death investigations.