opinion和view

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  一份英文报刊里有这样一个句子:As a matter of fact, they are opinion divided but not view divided.学生看到后来问我这句话到底是什么意思。divided显然表示“不一致”,not divided则是一种“否定之否定”(negation of negation),实质是肯定,应该表示“一致”。那么“他们”的观点或意见到底一致不一致呢?
  理解此句的关键在opinion和view这两个词上。一般认为这两个词是一对同义词,意思似乎一样。但实际上任何语言里都不存在绝对意义上的同义词,充其量也就是“近义词”罢了。同义词意思相近,往往在文体色彩、程度高低、涉及范围、侧重点、隐含意义等几个方面有所不同。有时这种不同很微妙,需要仔细揣摩。在翻译中,区别同义词是阅读理解和翻译表达两个阶段都要注意的一个重要问题。大多数情况下,上下文(context)能起到帮助理解的作用。一个词的确切意思能通过其所在句子判断出来,句子也能帮助区别同义词的不同含义。可是就这一句而言,很难看出opinion和view的区别。而作为单独句子,又没有上下文或更大的语境(language environment),查词典是最基本的方法。
  我查了好几本不同的英汉词典,释义基本上大同小异,对这两个词的解释中都列有“意见,见解”,有的还提供“看法”“主张”“观点”等释义。这些在汉语里都是同义词,看不出有什么区别。可是opinion和view在本文开始所引的句子里意思肯定是不一样的,“他们”的意见不可能“既一样又不一样”,所以要进行更深入的分析。
  先说view。从多本词典提供的一系列定义中可以归纳出,其表示的“观点”是“观察”的结果,强调能看到的客观的东西,如:front view是“前视图”,即从正面看到的景象;a bird’s eye view是“鸟瞰图/俯视图”,即鸟在天上飞时看到的下面的情景;come into view是“进入视线/视野”,即本来看不见的东西现在看得见了;the view of this small village in different seasons是“這个小村子不同季节的景色”;this room has a good view是“从这个房间看出去的景色很好”(不是房间本身的景色好)。所以,my view(我的看法)重在“我看到的客观景象/事实/情况”和在此基础上产生的观点或看法。和view意思最接近的同义词是sight、scene,略抽象一些则是survey、observation、perspective。review则是“重新观察”的意思(引申为“复习”“检阅”等)。
  opinion的意思要比view更进一步,即不仅看到了,还要做出判断,形成看法。换句话说,opinion是在看到的客观事实/情况的基础上,经过观察者头脑里主观加工后形成的看法,可以指“主张”“判断”“见解”等。比如:public 是“舆论”,即公众看到某个事物后形成的想法;people’s opinion is shifting的意思是“人们的看法在转变”;the view is shifting恐怕是指看到的内容在更换。英文里有一个名句:When you live for others’ opinions, you are dead. 意思是:当你尽为别人的想法而活时,你已经死了。这里的opinions当然不能改为views。从意思上说,my opinion要比my view更深思熟虑。和opinion意思最接近的同义词是judgment、notion、conception。
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