采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对３５例结核性胸膜炎（结胸）患者胸水进行检测，共１８例阳性，阳性率为５１．４％，其中３例涂片结核菌阳性及２例经胸膜活检病理证实，共５例结胸患者胸水ＰＣＲ均为阳性，而对照组的２０例非结胸患者仅１例阳性，后胸水培养证实此例阳性患者为肺腺癌合并结核的亚临床感染。结果提示ＰＣＲ是结核性胸膜炎快速、灵敏度高、特异的诊断方法 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect pleural effusion in 35 patients with tuberculous pleurisy (nodules), of which 18 were positive and the positive rate was 51.4%, of which 3 were smear-positive and 2 were pleural biopsy Pathology confirmed that a total of 5 cases of pleural fluid in patients with tuberculous PCR were positive, while the control group of 20 patients with non-tuberculous patients only 1 positive, after pleural effusion confirmed this case of positive patients with lung adenocarcinoma combined with subclinical tuberculosis infection. The results suggest that PCR is a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy