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近几年来不断发现与肿瘤标记相关的原癌(致癌)基因。按这些基因编码的蛋白质的机能可将原癌基因分为5型。其中已知蛋白激酶型和增殖因子型能产生增殖因子,而其它各型或参与信号转换(GTP结合蛋白型),或产生增殖因子受体。有关原癌基因研究进展极为迅速。目前已知c-erbB与鳞状上皮细胞癌相关,neu/c-erbB-2可能与腺癌有关,c-fms编码集落剌激因子-1受体可能与前白血病状态的5q-综合征相关,而胰腺癌细胞中则发现有点突变激活的ras原癌基因。c-myc,N-myc可见于伯基特氏淋巴瘤和成神经细胞瘤,ret存在于许多半核细胞和前髓性白血病细胞中,abl见于慢性髓细胞性白血病,hst-1存在于许多癌(胃及结肠癌)细胞中。虽然这些原癌基因与肿瘤有密切关系,但特异性并不强,因而在临床应用中要全面分析。
In recent years, proto-oncogenic (carcinogenic) genes associated with tumor markers have been continuously discovered. The function of proteins encoded by these genes can be divided into five types of proto-oncogenes. Among them, protein kinase type and proliferation factor type are known to produce proliferative factors, while other types are involved in signal transduction (GTP-binding protein type) or production of proliferative factor receptors. Research on oncogenes has progressed extremely rapidly. C-erbB is currently known to be associated with squamous cell carcinoma, neu/c-erbB-2 may be associated with adenocarcinoma, and c-fms-encoded colony stimulating factor-1 receptor may be associated with 5q-syndrome in preleukemic state. While pancreatic cancer cells are found to be somewhat mutated to activate the ras proto-oncogene. C-myc, N-myc is found in Burkitt’s lymphoma and neuroblastoma, ret is present in many hemocytes and promyelocytic leukemia cells, abl is found in chronic myeloid leukemia, and hst-1 is present in many Cancer (gastric and colon cancer) cells. Although these proto-oncogenes are closely related to tumors, their specificity is not strong and they must be thoroughly analyzed in clinical applications.