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一、定义非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb)的用法是很多学生感到困惑的难题，在这里，我想用通俗的讲解来使之简单易懂。顾名思义，非谓语动词即不能作谓语的动作(句中已经有了谓语动作)在句子中出现时所采取的一种退避或者说是折衷的区别于谓语结构的形式。我们知道，一个简单句只有一个谓语动词(我们称为动作之一)，那么另外一个动作(我们称为动作二)只能用非谓语形式。非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、doing和done，它们具有动词的本来特征，可以作很多句子成分，但就是不能单独作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，这就是它们被称为“非谓语动词”的原因。
例如：He came here, running.(came为谓语，running为非谓语)
The old man has spent the whole night locked in his own room.(has spent为谓语，locked为非谓语)
I can tell you where to get this book. (can tell为谓语，to get为非谓语)
二、分析两种关系，我们先从三种原形(to do, doing, done)的常见常考的用法入手，理清做题思 路。
1.分析逻辑关系 动作二和相关名词之间有主动和被动两种关系。名词是动作的执行者，则两者是主动关系；名词是动作的承受者，则两者是被动关系。这里必须注意，一定是和动作二相关的名词。非谓语动词作定语时，找修饰的名词；作状语时，找句子的主语；作补语、宾语补足语时，找宾语；作主语补足语，找主语。
1)作定语
burning forest 燃烧着的森林(主动，即森林自己在燃烧)
burned skin 烧伤了的皮肤(被动，即皮肤被火烧伤)
There is a girl asking for you at the school gate.
There are many people killed in the war.
2)作状语
①现在分词doing作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间是主动关系
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
②过去分词V-ed作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
③系动词的非谓语形式作状语，只用doing，因为他和主语之间只有主动关系。
[例题] ____ good, the food was soon sold out.
A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted
答案为C，由于尝起来很好吃，作原因状语。
作定语也是如此，
[例题]The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(上海高考题)
A. to smellB. smellingC. smeltD. to be smelt
答案为B，闻起来很香甜的花。
3)作补语
I watched them rehearsing the play.(宾补 主动关系)我看他们排演戏。
He spent the whole afternoon locked in the room. (主补 被动关系)他被锁在房间里，呆了整整一下午。
[例题]The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playingB. to be played C. playD. to play
答案为A，动作二(play)补充说明主语(the missing boys),它们之间是主动关系。整句的意思是：失踪的男孩儿最后一次被看到的时候正在河边玩耍。
The managers disscussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.
(宾补 被动关系)经理们讨论了那个计划，他们希望看到计划明年被执行。
She was kept seated on the bench the whole morning by the old man. (主补 被动关系)那个老人让她在长凳上坐了一上午。
2.分析时间关系 动作二和动作一之间有三种先后关系。动作二发生在动作一之后，即表示将来发生的动作，用to do；动作二和动作一同时发生，即表示正在进行的动作，用doing；动作二发生在动作一之前，即表示已经完成的动作，用done。
例如，developing countries 发展中国家(这些国家正在发展)
developed countries 发达国家(这些国家已经得到了发展)
He sat comfortably in the sofa, looking back on the good old days.
Though warned of the danger, he still went on skating on the thin ice.
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the manager felt worried all the time.
三、其他形态 非谓语动词具有各种形态：原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
1)不定式(infinitive)的主动态是to do,被动态是to be done,进行态是to be doing,完成态是to have done,完成被动态是to have been done,完成进行态是to have been doing。
Li Ming is said to go abroad next year.
Li Ming is said to be admitted into Beijing University.
Li Ming is said to be studying French at Foreign Language Faculty, Beijing University.
Li Ming is said to have finished his essay.
Li Ming is said to have been studying for a whole morning.
2)V-ing(gerund或present participle)主动态是doing，被动态是being done,完成态是having done, 完成被动态是having been done。
Look around when crossing the street.
The meeting being held now is important.
Not having seen him, I telephoned him again.
He was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.
[例题]____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. SufferingC. To sufferD. Suffered
答案为A。
3)过去分词(past participle)只有一种形态，也就是它的原形，即动词后面加词尾ed或简写为V-ed，它同时表示被动和完成两个含义。
The meeting held last week is important.
在以上所有这些形态当中，除了一些固定用法之外，都出不了逻辑关系和时间关系的圈子。所以作非谓语动词的题，是有法可依的。
四、考查盘点 以下包含常见的句型和固定的结构，往往是考试的热点。
1.to do和doing可以作主语和宾语，而done不能。
[例题]____ to the sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed
答案为C，V-ing形式被动式作主语。
2.目的状语只用不定式。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan. 他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan. 他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
[例题]____ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm clock.
A. To sleepB. SleepingC. SleepD. Having slept
答案为A，不定式表目的。
3.表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in…，若人/物体本身有兴趣时，就是sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
plessing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
[例题]He made such an ____ speech that we were all ____.
A. inspiring; excitedB. inspired; exciting
C. inspired; excitedD. inspiring; exciting
答案为A，意为他发表的演讲那么令人鼓舞，我们大家都感到兴奋。
4.下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式作定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
例如，the risen sun升起的太阳
fallen leaves 落叶
returned students 从海外归来的学生
5.主动形式表被动含义的几种情况
①下列动词及短语的宾语用主动形式doing表被动含义：need, want, require, be worth, etc.
The flowers wants watering. 这些花需要浇水。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
②句型Sb. have sth. to do中主动形式to do作定语修饰sth.表被动含义。
I have a lot of work to do.
[例题]She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ____ in making the earth a better place to live.(上海高考题)
A. to have playedB. to playC. to be playedD. to be playing
答案为B，表示角色被扮演，主动形式表被动含义。
动词不定式作定语，一般情况下用主动形式表被动含义，但有一种特殊情况，即当动作二的执行者不出现在句子中的时候，我们要用被动形式。如：
I will do some washing today. Do you have some clothes to be washed?
这种情况下，用不定式被动式强调洗的动作的发出者是I，而不是问句中的you.
③句型Sb./Sth. be+adj.+to do中主动形式to do作状语修饰主语Sb./Sth.表被动含义。
The book is diffiuclt to read. 这本书很难读懂。
Li Ming is easy to get on with. 约翰很容易相处。
6.评注性状语，这是一种习惯性用法，不用分析任何关系。常见的有：compared with, judging by/from, considering, generally speaking, to be frank, to start with, believe it or not, let sth. alone, etc. 例如：
The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk. 这孩子连爬都不会，更不用说走了。
Judging by the look on Adam’s face, the news must have been terrible.
从亚当的表情来看，肯定是可怕的消息。
7.forget, remember后跟doing表示发生过的事情；跟to do表示将要发生的事情。例如:
He still remembers meeting her for the first time in Shanghai.
他仍然记得第一次在上海与她相遇的情形。
Please remember to turn off the light before you leave the room. 请记住离开之前要把灯关上。
8.结果状语有两种情况，用to do表意想不到的结果和用doing表自然而然的结果。
①to do往往和only/just连用 例如:
He returned home, only to find a mess. 他回到家，结果却发现家里乱糟糟的。
[例题]All the peace-loving people are against America’s bombing Iraq.
They think Bush is lifting a stone ____ it ____ on his own feet.
A. only to have; droppingB. to have; dropped
C. only to have; droppedD. having; dropped
答案为C，结果却使它砸在了自己脚上。
②doing有时和thus连用。例如：
His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他的父母死后，他成了孤儿。
Much new and high technology has been introduced from Europe, thus resulting in great increase in production of the company.
[例题]Eropean football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sports in the world.(NMET)
A. makingB. makesC. madeD. to make
答案为A， 表顺理成章的结果。
总之，对于非谓语动词题，要做到记住固定结构，分析两种关系(务必先分析逻辑关系，再分析时间关系)。当然，这一切要建立在正确了解题意的基础上。掌握好非谓语动词，还有助于阅读能力的提高，因为它在文章中出现的频率高，是英语中精炼、简洁的语言风格的体现。那么，在写作中能恰到好处地运用非谓语结构，更是表明学到了语言的精华，无疑会大大提高作文的得分。
例如：He came here, running.(came为谓语，running为非谓语)
The old man has spent the whole night locked in his own room.(has spent为谓语，locked为非谓语)
I can tell you where to get this book. (can tell为谓语，to get为非谓语)
二、分析两种关系，我们先从三种原形(to do, doing, done)的常见常考的用法入手，理清做题思 路。
1.分析逻辑关系 动作二和相关名词之间有主动和被动两种关系。名词是动作的执行者，则两者是主动关系；名词是动作的承受者，则两者是被动关系。这里必须注意，一定是和动作二相关的名词。非谓语动词作定语时，找修饰的名词；作状语时，找句子的主语；作补语、宾语补足语时，找宾语；作主语补足语，找主语。
1)作定语
burning forest 燃烧着的森林(主动，即森林自己在燃烧)
burned skin 烧伤了的皮肤(被动，即皮肤被火烧伤)
There is a girl asking for you at the school gate.
There are many people killed in the war.
2)作状语
①现在分词doing作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间是主动关系
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
②过去分词V-ed作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
③系动词的非谓语形式作状语，只用doing，因为他和主语之间只有主动关系。
[例题] ____ good, the food was soon sold out.
A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted
答案为C，由于尝起来很好吃，作原因状语。
作定语也是如此，
[例题]The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(上海高考题)
A. to smellB. smellingC. smeltD. to be smelt
答案为B，闻起来很香甜的花。
3)作补语
I watched them rehearsing the play.(宾补 主动关系)我看他们排演戏。
He spent the whole afternoon locked in the room. (主补 被动关系)他被锁在房间里，呆了整整一下午。
[例题]The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playingB. to be played C. playD. to play
答案为A，动作二(play)补充说明主语(the missing boys),它们之间是主动关系。整句的意思是：失踪的男孩儿最后一次被看到的时候正在河边玩耍。
The managers disscussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.
(宾补 被动关系)经理们讨论了那个计划，他们希望看到计划明年被执行。
She was kept seated on the bench the whole morning by the old man. (主补 被动关系)那个老人让她在长凳上坐了一上午。
2.分析时间关系 动作二和动作一之间有三种先后关系。动作二发生在动作一之后，即表示将来发生的动作，用to do；动作二和动作一同时发生，即表示正在进行的动作，用doing；动作二发生在动作一之前，即表示已经完成的动作，用done。
例如，developing countries 发展中国家(这些国家正在发展)
developed countries 发达国家(这些国家已经得到了发展)
He sat comfortably in the sofa, looking back on the good old days.
Though warned of the danger, he still went on skating on the thin ice.
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the manager felt worried all the time.
三、其他形态 非谓语动词具有各种形态：原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
1)不定式(infinitive)的主动态是to do,被动态是to be done,进行态是to be doing,完成态是to have done,完成被动态是to have been done,完成进行态是to have been doing。
Li Ming is said to go abroad next year.
Li Ming is said to be admitted into Beijing University.
Li Ming is said to be studying French at Foreign Language Faculty, Beijing University.
Li Ming is said to have finished his essay.
Li Ming is said to have been studying for a whole morning.
2)V-ing(gerund或present participle)主动态是doing，被动态是being done,完成态是having done, 完成被动态是having been done。
Look around when crossing the street.
The meeting being held now is important.
Not having seen him, I telephoned him again.
He was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.
[例题]____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. SufferingC. To sufferD. Suffered
答案为A。
3)过去分词(past participle)只有一种形态，也就是它的原形，即动词后面加词尾ed或简写为V-ed，它同时表示被动和完成两个含义。
The meeting held last week is important.
在以上所有这些形态当中，除了一些固定用法之外，都出不了逻辑关系和时间关系的圈子。所以作非谓语动词的题，是有法可依的。
四、考查盘点 以下包含常见的句型和固定的结构，往往是考试的热点。
1.to do和doing可以作主语和宾语，而done不能。
[例题]____ to the sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed
答案为C，V-ing形式被动式作主语。
2.目的状语只用不定式。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan. 他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan. 他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
[例题]____ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm clock.
A. To sleepB. SleepingC. SleepD. Having slept
答案为A，不定式表目的。
3.表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in…，若人/物体本身有兴趣时，就是sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
plessing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
[例题]He made such an ____ speech that we were all ____.
A. inspiring; excitedB. inspired; exciting
C. inspired; excitedD. inspiring; exciting
答案为A，意为他发表的演讲那么令人鼓舞，我们大家都感到兴奋。
4.下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式作定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
例如，the risen sun升起的太阳
fallen leaves 落叶
returned students 从海外归来的学生
5.主动形式表被动含义的几种情况
①下列动词及短语的宾语用主动形式doing表被动含义：need, want, require, be worth, etc.
The flowers wants watering. 这些花需要浇水。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
②句型Sb. have sth. to do中主动形式to do作定语修饰sth.表被动含义。
I have a lot of work to do.
[例题]She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ____ in making the earth a better place to live.(上海高考题)
A. to have playedB. to playC. to be playedD. to be playing
答案为B，表示角色被扮演，主动形式表被动含义。
动词不定式作定语，一般情况下用主动形式表被动含义，但有一种特殊情况，即当动作二的执行者不出现在句子中的时候，我们要用被动形式。如：
I will do some washing today. Do you have some clothes to be washed?
这种情况下，用不定式被动式强调洗的动作的发出者是I，而不是问句中的you.
③句型Sb./Sth. be+adj.+to do中主动形式to do作状语修饰主语Sb./Sth.表被动含义。
The book is diffiuclt to read. 这本书很难读懂。
Li Ming is easy to get on with. 约翰很容易相处。
6.评注性状语，这是一种习惯性用法，不用分析任何关系。常见的有：compared with, judging by/from, considering, generally speaking, to be frank, to start with, believe it or not, let sth. alone, etc. 例如：
The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk. 这孩子连爬都不会，更不用说走了。
Judging by the look on Adam’s face, the news must have been terrible.
从亚当的表情来看，肯定是可怕的消息。
7.forget, remember后跟doing表示发生过的事情；跟to do表示将要发生的事情。例如:
He still remembers meeting her for the first time in Shanghai.
他仍然记得第一次在上海与她相遇的情形。
Please remember to turn off the light before you leave the room. 请记住离开之前要把灯关上。
8.结果状语有两种情况，用to do表意想不到的结果和用doing表自然而然的结果。
①to do往往和only/just连用 例如:
He returned home, only to find a mess. 他回到家，结果却发现家里乱糟糟的。
[例题]All the peace-loving people are against America’s bombing Iraq.
They think Bush is lifting a stone ____ it ____ on his own feet.
A. only to have; droppingB. to have; dropped
C. only to have; droppedD. having; dropped
答案为C，结果却使它砸在了自己脚上。
②doing有时和thus连用。例如：
His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他的父母死后，他成了孤儿。
Much new and high technology has been introduced from Europe, thus resulting in great increase in production of the company.
[例题]Eropean football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sports in the world.(NMET)
A. makingB. makesC. madeD. to make
答案为A， 表顺理成章的结果。
总之，对于非谓语动词题，要做到记住固定结构，分析两种关系(务必先分析逻辑关系，再分析时间关系)。当然，这一切要建立在正确了解题意的基础上。掌握好非谓语动词，还有助于阅读能力的提高，因为它在文章中出现的频率高，是英语中精炼、简洁的语言风格的体现。那么，在写作中能恰到好处地运用非谓语结构，更是表明学到了语言的精华，无疑会大大提高作文的得分。