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一、首长负责制和集体合议制。 首长负责制是指在行政组织中行政首长一人具有最终的决策权力,并负有全部行政责任的组织体制。如美国的总统制实行的就是首长负责制。集体合议制是指在行政组织中决策权力由一个领导集团或若干人组成的委员会来享有,并由他们共同承担行政责任的组织体制。如瑞士、乌拉圭就是实行的集体合议制。 首长负责制的优点在于:责任明确,权力集中,能建立起强有力的行政指挥系统;能保证指挥灵活,行动迅速,能有效地保证行政管理的高效率,也易于保密。其缺陷在于任何个人的知识、能力、精力都是有限的,一旦由于工作繁忙,就难免出现差错,不利体现出现代管理的民主性。 集体合议制的优点在于比较好地体现了管理的民主性,能够做到集思广益,考虑问题更周到,决定事情更稳妥,还能做到相互监督,避免徇私舞弊。其缺陷在于权不专一,责任分散,常常是争论不休,议而不决,决而不行,容易造成相互扯皮,相互排斥,争权夺利。
First, the chief responsibility system and the collective collegial system. The chief responsibility system refers to the fact that the chief executive in an administrative organization has the ultimate decision-making power and assumes all administrative responsibilities. For example, the presidential system in the United States implements the system of heads of directors. The collective collegial system refers to the organizational system in which the decision-making power in the administrative organization is enjoyed by a committee composed of a leading group or several individuals, and they collectively bear administrative responsibilities. For example, Switzerland and Uruguay are collective collegiate systems. The advantages of the chief responsibility system lie in: clear responsibility, centralized power, and the establishment of a strong administrative command system; it can ensure flexible commanding, rapid action, and can effectively ensure the high efficiency of administrative management and can also be kept confidential. The flaw lies in the fact that any individual’s knowledge, ability, and energy are limited. Once the work is busy, it is inevitable that mistakes will occur. This will unfavorably reflect the democratic nature of modern management. The merit of the collective collegial system is that it better reflects the democratic nature of management, can be brainstorming, consider issues more thoughtfully, and determine that things are more secure and that they can do mutual supervision and avoid favoritism and fraud. Its flaw lies in the fact that power is not monopolized and its responsibilities are decentralized. It is often debated endlessly, debates are indecisive, and decisions can never be made. It is easy to cause mutual wrangling, mutual exclusion, and competition for power.