我们会议的主题是儒家的“工夫论与内在超越性”(1)。在儒家传统中,“工夫”作为一个基本概念是在宋明儒学中开始出现并被频繁使用的。(2)这当然并不是说,儒家传统在此之前就没有任何关于工夫的思想。其实,在以工夫为其基本论题之一的宋明儒者看来,他们之前的整个儒家传统——他们自己心目中的儒家传统——在很大程度上都可以在工夫这一概念 The theme of our meeting is Confucianism, “Workmanship and Internal Transcendence” (1). In the Confucian tradition, “Gongfu ” as a basic concept began to appear in the Song and Ming Confucianism and was frequently used. (2) This certainly does not mean that the Confucian tradition did not have any thought about time before this. In fact, in the Song and Ming dynasties who took their time as one of their basic topics, the entire Confucian tradition that preceded them - their own Confucian tradition - could to a large extent be guided by the concept of time and effort