The content of organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the three selected soils, includingCalcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols (purple sand-shale parent material), Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols (quaternary red clayparent material) and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols (granite parent material) were studied under a long-term experiment byusing crop straw and inorganic fertilizers at the Hunan Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences. The results showed that the contents of OM, N, P and K in the three selected soils increased after 23 yearsapplication of crop straw and inorganic fertilizers, but the contents increased much less when crop straw or inorganicfertilizers was applied alone. The nutrient contents in the three soils developed from granite changed more remarkablythan those in the soil derived from quaternary red clay and purple sand-shale. It was also found that the contents of OM,N, and P increased slightly in the treatments without applying fertilizers or returning the crop straw to the root bed.Combined application of inorganic fertilizers and crop straw could remarkably increase the contents of OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K, the positive correlation between application of organic fertilizers and increase of OM insoil did not always happened, it provided evidence for the relation between appropriate C/N ratio and accumulation of OMin soil. The increase of nutrient content was influenced by the soil properties. By comparing the contents of nutrient in0-20 cm depth in the three different soils, it was concluded that the most increases of OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N, andavailable P were observed in Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols with the average increase by 3.03, 27.38, and 21.73 mg kg-1,respectively. The available K increased in Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols with the average increase by 25.82 mg kg-1,while it decreased in Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols. It was concluded that the applicationof inorganic fertilizer and crop straw was important to improve the soil fertility for all of three selected soils. The strawreturn to the field had played a significant role for enhancement of the soil quality in the study areas. The application ofinorganic fertilizer combined with the straw return to the fields could remarkably improve the soil fertility. The content of organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the three selected soils, including Calcaric Purpli- Orthic Primosols (purple sand- shale parent material), Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols quaternary red clayparent material) and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols (granite parent material) were studied under a long-term experiment byusing crop straw and inorganic fertilizers at the Hunan Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results showed that the contents of OM, N, P and K in the three selected soils increased after 23 years application of crop straw and inorganic fertilizers, but the contents increased much less when crop straw or inorganic fertilizers was applied alone. The nutrient contents in the three soils developed from granite changed more remarkablythan those in the soil derived from quaternary red clay and purple sand-shale. It was also found that the contents of OM, N, and P increased slightly in the treatments without applying fertilizers or returning the crop straw to the root bed. Combined application of inorganic fertilizers and crop straw could remarkably increase the contents of OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K, the positive correlation between application of organic fertilizers and increase of OM insoil did not always happened, it provided evidence for the relation between appropriate C / N ratio and accumulation of OMin soil. The increase of nutrient content was influenced by the soil properties. By comparing the contents of nutrient in0-20 cm depth in the three different soils, it was concluded that the most increases in OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available P were observed in Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols with the average increase by 3.03, 27.38, and 21.73 mg kg-1, respectively. The available K increased in Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols with the average increase by 25.82 mg kg-1, while it decreased in Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols. It was concluded that the applicationof inorganic fertilizer and crop straw was important to improve the soil fertility for all of three selected soils. The strawreturn to the field had played a significant role for enhancement of the soil quality in the study areas. The application of inorganic fertilizer combined with the straw return to the fields could remarkably improve the soil fertility.