论文部分内容阅读
（一）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The city of Rome has passed a new law to prevent cruelty to animal. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs.
This comes after a national law was passed to give prison sentences to people who desert cats or dogs.
“The civilization of a city can be measured by this,” said Monica Cirinna, the councilor (议员) behind the new law.
“It’s good to do whatever we can for our animals who in exchange for a little love fill our existence with their attention,” she told a Rome newspaper.
The newspaper reported that round bowls don’t give enough oxygen for fish and may make them go blind.
“Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals that deserve our respect and sympathy every bit as much as dogs and cats and other animals,” said Darin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets big fines and prison sentences. Since then local governments have added their own animal protection rules.
The northern city of Turin passed a law in April. Pet owners will be fined up to ＄598 if they do not walk their dogs three times a day.
The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn’t leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs’ tails to make them look lovelier. The law also gives legal recognition to the “cat ladies” who feed homeless cats. The cats live all over the city from ancient ruins to modern office car parks.
【参考答案】
1. Italy 文中提到“Rome, Turin, Italy”Italy 是国家，Rome，Turin是城市。
2. punishment 第七节“Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets
big fines and prison sentences.”违法要受惩罚。
3. Rome 根据第1题。
4. deserving 第六节“It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals that
deserve our respect and sympathy”用分词做定语。
5. pity / sympathy 根据第4题。
6. fined 第八节“Pet owners will be fined up to ＄598 if they do not walk their dogs
three times a day.”
7. forbidden 第九节 “The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn’t leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs’ tails to make them look lovelier.”
8. feeding/keeping/raising 第九节“The law also gives legal recognition to the ‘cat ladies’ who feed homeless cats.”用分词做定语。
9. recognized 根据第9题。
10. measured 第三节“The civilization (文明) of a city can be measured by this.”
（二）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (独白) as: "Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature and energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (阻碍) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you' 11 get up steam and work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
Problem Find (1)_________ in the morning so difficult.
(2)__________ Everyone has a (3)____________ energy cycle.
(4)__________ It leads to some familiar monologues.
Attitude You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can (5)________ to make your life fit it better.
【参考答案】
1. rising 文中开头提到 “Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult…”; 第三节倒数第二句 “…rise before your usual hour.”
2. Explanation 开头第二句提到 “…but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation.”
3. daily/everyday 开头第三句提到 “…He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.”
4. Result 第二节中提到 “No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues…”
5. learn 第三节开头提到 “You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better.”
6. anyway/anyhow 第三节开头第二句 “Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.” rise before your usual hour.
7. hour/time 第三节倒数第二句 “…rise before your usual hour.”
8. Solutions 根据上下文理解文章最后一节是解决问题的方法。
9. troublesome 最后一节第四句 “Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes…”
10. needing /requiring 最后一节最后一句 “…save tasks requiring more energy or concentration…”
（三）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
Over the last 70 years, researchers have been studying happy and unhappy people and finally found out ten factors that make a difference. Our feelings of well-being at any moment are determined to a certain degree by genes. However, of all the factors, wealth and age are the top two.
Money can buy a degree of happiness. But once you can afford to feed, clothe and house yourself, each extra dollar makes less and less difference.
Researchers find that, on average, wealthier people are happier. But the link between money and happiness is complex. In the past half-century, average income has sharply increased in developed countries, yet happiness levels have remained almost the same. Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to increase happiness if you have more than your friends, neighbors and colleagues.
“Dollars buy status, and status makes people feel better,” conclude some experts, which helps explain why people who can seek status in other ways—scientists or actors, for example—may happily accept relatively poorly-paid jobs.
In a research, Professor Alex Michalos found that the people whose desires—not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health—rose furthest beyond what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who felt a smaller gap. Indeed, the size of the gap predicted happiness about five times better than income alone. “The gap measures just blow away the only measures of income” says Michalos.
Another factor that has to do with happiness is age. Old age may not be so bad. “Given all the problems of aging, how could the elderly be more satisfied?” asks Professor Laura Carstensen.
In one survey, Carstensen interviewed 184 people between the ages of 18 and 94, and asked them to fill out an emotions questionnaire. She found that old people reported positive emotions just as often as young people, but negative emotions much less often.
Why are old people happier? Some scientists suggest older people may expect life to be harder and learn to live with it, or they’re more realistic about their goals, only setting ones that they know they can achieve. But Carstensen thinks that with time running out, older people have learned to focus on things that make them happy and let go of those that don’t. “People realize not only what they have, but also that what they have cannot last forever,” she says. “A goodbye kiss to a husband or wife at the age of 85, for example, may bring far more complex emotional responses than a similar kiss to a boy or girl friend at the age of 20.”
【参考答案】
1. determine 开头第二句提到 “…Our feelings of well-being at any moment are determined to…”
2. supply 第二节第二句 “But once you can afford to feed, clothe and house yourself…”根据语境应替换成 “supply food, clothes and houses to us”
3. improve 根据第四节理解。
4. reality 根据第五节 “the people whose desires—not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health—rose furthest beyond what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who felt a smaller gap.”
5. desire 同第4题。
6. negative 根据第七节 “old people reported positive emotions just as often as young people, but negative emotions much less often…”
7. goals 最后一节第二句 “…they’re more realistic about their goals, only setting ones that they know they can achieve…”
8. used 最后一节第三句 “…with time running out, older people have learned to focus on things that make them happy and let go of those that don’t.”
9. choose 同第8题。
10. Realizing 最后一节第三句“People realize not only what they have, but also that what they have cannot last forever,”
(四)
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
When we think of leadership, we often think of strength and power. But what are these really, and how do they operate?
Leadership today is not about forcing others to do things. If this is even possible, it is short-term, and tends to backfire. If you order someone to do something against their will, they may do it because they feel they must, but the anger they feel will do more harm in the long-term. They will also experience fear.
Fear causes the thinking brain to shut down, making the person unable to function at his or her best. If they associate you with this emotion (情绪) of fear, they will become less functional around you, and you will have succeeded in not only shooting yourself in the foot, but possibly making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively. Fear has no place in leadership.
The way we influence people in a lasting way is by our own character, and our understanding and use of emotion. We can order someone to do something, which may be part of the work day, or we can employ them at the emotional level, so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation. Today’s work place is all about relationships.
Anyone works harder in a positive environment in which they’re recognized and valued as a human being as well as a worker. Everyone produces just a bit more for someone they like. Leaders understand the way things work. They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor in the work life of most people.
The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence---knowing your own emotions, and how to handle them, and those of others. Developing your emotional intelligence is the single best thing you can do if you want to develop your relationships with people around you, which is the key to the leadership skills.
【参考答案】
1. Modern/Contemporary 第二节第一句 “Leadership today…” 结合图标左边“Traditional” 作为对比可推得。
2. Influencing/Motivating 根据第四节“The way we influence people in a lasting way…” “…so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation” 以及第五节 “They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor in the work life of most people…”
3. fearful/scared 第二节最后一句 “They will also experience fear”
4. harmonious/good/cozy/comfortable根据第四节归纳。
5. effective/efficient 第三节 “…making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively”
6. passively 根据第四节 “…so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation”并对照语境。
7. devotion/ enthusiasm 根据第四节 “…so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation”。
8. contributing/ leading 根据上下文。
9. long-term/lasting 根据第四节“The way we influence people in a lasting way…” 结合图标左边“A short-term effect” 作为对比可推得。
10. lies/ exists/consists 最后一节 “The true strength of leadership is an inner strength…”
（五）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The word conservation has a thrifty (节约的，俭省的) meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in hiving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has of us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers.Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas, we need to know why all watersheds (流域) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
【参考答案】
1. limited 根据第一节“…had the foolish idea that the treasures were ‘limitless’ and ‘inexhaustible’”
2. school 根据第二节“Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work…timber was still cheap…soil destruction and river floods were not national problems…nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use…”
3. Timber/Wood 同第2题。
4. national 同第2题。
5. land 同第2题。
6. make 根据第三节“…we must now set about repairing the mistakes of …Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life…”
7. conservation 同第6题。
8. underground 根据第三节“To know about the water table in the ground is just as important…”
9. planted/grown 根据第三节“We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them.”
10. restore /repair/ mend 根据第三节“In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.”
（六）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are pulled to populated areas and dry regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.
Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans are 7, 659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10, 000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.
Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, or rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees, south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.
The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling (通过漏斗般流过) of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in hauling, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinating (淡化海水), or removing salt from water.
【参考答案】
1. Theme/Topic 根据短文理解归纳主题。
2. Reasons 对主题 “Get fresh water from icebergs”进行解释说明。
3. Difficulty The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting
4. Conclusion 根据第四节“The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting…”
5. fresh 根据第二节“Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water…”
6. sustain/keep 根据第二节“…a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years…”
7. Antarctica 根据第二节“…more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.”
8. spreading 根据第三节“…breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea.”
9. currents 根据第三节“…icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents.”
10. provided 根据第四节“…the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinating…”
（七）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
New Findings about Husbands, Wives and AIDS
A common belief about AIDS and marriage is that husbands are more likely to infect (传染) wives than the other way around. Generally speaking this may be true. But a researcher has found that women may be responsible for more infections than experts have thought.
Vinod Mishra at Macro International, a research group in the United States, led a study of married couples in Africa. He studied what are known as discordant couples. This meant one partner had H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, while the other did not.
He examined population records and medical information from eleven African countries. He found that in four of these eleven countries, women were the infected partners in a majority of cases.
This was true in sixty-two percent of couples in Ivory Coast and Kenya. Wives were also the majority of infected partners in Ethiopia and Cameroon.
Lesotho had the smallest percentage of couples where only the wife was infected. Yet even there it was thirty-four percent.
How does Vinod Mishra explain these findings?
More women could be entering marriage already infected, he says. Or they could be getting H.I.V. from non-sexual causes. Maybe they received an injection with a needle that had been used before on someone with H.I.V.
But the researcher does not think these are the main explanations. He says there is clear evidence that a majority of women are getting infected within marriage from a person other than their husband.
AIDS prevention campaigns to change behavior have been aimed mostly at men. After all, men have generally been considered the main source for the spread of H.I.V. This thinking has been guided in part by the theories of AIDS investigators (研究者，调查者) based on people's own reports about their sexual behavior.
But Vinod Mishra says one possibility is that women are not fully reporting their sexual history. He says more research is needed before there can be any firm theories about H.I.V. infections and marriage. This issue is not about who is to blame, he tells us, but instead about saving lives and developing the best AIDS programs possible.
He presented his findings in June at a meeting in Rwanda. The event was organized by the American effort known as PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.
Title: New Findings about Husbands, Wives and Aids
【参考答案】
1. answer 根据第一节“…husbands are more likely to infect…”
2. change 根据第九节“…AIDS prevention campaigns to change behavior have been aimed mostly at men.”
3. lead 根据第四节“This was true in sixty-two percent of couples in Ivory Coast and Kenya. Wives were also the majority of infected partners in Ethiopia and Cameroon.”
4. bottom 根据第五节“Lesotho had the smallest percentage of couples where only the wife was infected.”
5. before 根据第七节“More women could be entering marriage already infected”
6. moral 根据第八节“a majority of women are getting infected within marriage from a person other than their husband.”
7. However 根据上下文。
8. honestly 根据第九节“…women are not fully reporting their sexual history.”
9. Conclusion 根据上下文归纳。
10. needed /necessary 根据第九节“He says more research is needed before there can be…”
（八）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
A Cool Way to Keep Food from Spoiling
A few degrees can make a big difference when it comes to food storage. Foods can go bad if they get too warm. But for many of the world's poor, finding a good way to keep food cool is difficult. Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity.
Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also economic losses. Farmers lose money when they have to throw away products that they cannot sell quickly.
But in nineteen ninety-five a teacher in northern Nigeria named Mohammed Bah Abba found a solution. He developed the "Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System." It uses two round containers made of clay. A smaller pot is placed inside a larger one.
The space between the two pots is filled with wet sand. The inner pot can be filled with fruit, vegetables or drinks. A wet cloth covers the whole cooling system.
Food stored in the smaller pot is kept from spoiling through a simple evaporation (蒸发) process. Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot, where drier outside air is moving.
The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees. This cools the inner pot and helps keep food safe from harmful bacteria. Some foods can be kept fresh this way for several weeks.
People throughout Nigeria began using the invention. And it became popular with farmers in other African countries. Mohammed Bah Abba personally financed the first five thousand pot-in-pot systems for his own community and five villages nearby.
In two thousand, the Rolex Watch Company of Switzerland honored him with the Rolex Award for Enterprise. This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being.
A committee considers projects in science and medicine, technology, exploration and discovery, the environment and cultural history. Winners receive financial assistance to help develop and extend their projects.
The award is given every two years. The next one will be given in two thousand eight.
【参考答案】
1. costly/ expensive 根据第一节“Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity.”
2. illness/sickness 根据第二节“Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also economic losses”
3. Where 根据图表右侧 “In Northern Nigeria”
4. What 根据上下文 "Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System."
5. heat 根据第五节“Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot…”蒸发需要吸收热量。
6. causing 根据第六节“The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees…”
7. popular 根据第七节“And it became popular with farmers in other African countries.”
8. recognizing 根据第八节“This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being.”
9. knowledgeable 同第8题。
10. happy 同第8题。
（九）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
In a primary school, a child is in a comparatively simple setting and most of the time forms a relationship with one familiar teacher. On entering secondary school, a new world opens up and frequently it is a much more difficult world. The pupil soon learns to be less free in the way he speaks to teachers and even to his fellow pupils. He begins to lose gradually the free and easy ways of the primary school, for he senses the need for a more cautious approach in the secondary school where there are older pupils. Secondary staff and pupils suffer from the pressures of academic work and seem to have less time to stop and talk. Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in a week, and a pupil may be able to form relationships with very few of the staff. He has to decide which adults are approachable: good schools will make clear to every young person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available--but whether the reality of life in the institution actually encourages requests for help is another matter.
Adults often forget what a confusing picture school can offer to a child. He sees a great deal of movement, a great number of people--often rather frightening looking people--and realizes that an increasing number of choices and decisions have to be made. As he progresses through the school the confusion may become less but the choices and decisions required will increase.The school will rightly expect the pupils to take the first steps to obtain the help he needs, for this is the pattern of adult life for which he has to be prepared. But all the time the opportunities for personal and group advice must be presented in a way which makes it easy to understand and within easy reach of pupils.
【参考答案】
1. Secondary 根据第一节“On entering secondary school, a new world opens up and frequently it is a much more difficult world.”
2. world 同第1题。
3. older 根据第一节“…in the secondary school where there are older pupils.”
4. Staff /Teachers 根据第一节“Secondary staff and pupils suffer from the pressures of academic work and seem to have less time to stop and talk.”
5. busy 同第4题。
6. touch 根据第一节“Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in a week, and a pupil may be able to form relationships with very few of the staff.”
7. guidance 根据第一节“…good schools will make clear to every young person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available”
8. frightening 根据第二节“…a great number of people--often rather frightening looking people--and realizes that an increasing number of choices and decisions have to be made.”
9. decisions 同第8题。
10. advice/suggestions 根据第二节“But all the time the opportunities for personal and group advice must be presented in a way…”
（十）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
One of the teacher's rewards is that he is using his mind on valuable subjects. All over the world people are spending their lives either on doing jobs where the mind must be kept numb (麻木的，失去知觉的) all day, or else on highly rewarded activities which are tedious (冗长的，无趣的). One can get accustomed (习惯于) to operating an adding machine for five and a half days a week, or to writing advertisements to persuade the public that one brand of cigarettes is better than another. Yet no one would do either of these things for its own sake. Only the money makes them tolerable. But if you really understand an important and interesting subject, like the structure of the human body or the history of the two world wars, it is a genuine (名副其实的) happiness to explain them to others, to welcome every new book on them, and to learn as you teach.
With this another reward of teaching is very closely linked. That is the happiness of making something. When the pupils come to you, their minds are only half formed, full of black spaces and vague notions (含糊不清的概念) and oversimplification. You do not merely insert a lot of facts, if you teach them properly. It is not like injecting 500 cc of serum (血浆), or giving a year's dose of vitamins. You take the living mind, and mould (用模具铸造) it. It resists sometimes. It may lie passive and apparently and refuse to accept anything you print on it. Sometimes it takes the mould too easily, and then seems to melt again and become featureless. But often it comes into firmer shape as you work, and gives you the incomparable happiness of helping to create a human being. To teach a boy the difference between truth and lie in print, to start him thinking about the meaning of poetry or patriotism, to hear him hammering back at you with the facts and arguments you have helped him to find, sharpened by himself and fitted to his own powers, gives the sort of satisfaction that an artist has when he makes a picture out of blank canvas (画布) and chemical coloring (色素), or a doctor when he hears a sick pulse pick up and carry the energies of new life under his hands.
【参考答案】
1. Rewards 文章主题。
2.Kinds/Sorts 根据上下文理解。
3.valuable 根据第一节“One of the teacher's rewards is that he is using his mind on valuable subjects.”
4. bored 根据第一节“All over the world people are spending their lives either on doing jobs where the mind must be kept numb all day, or else on highly rewarded activities which are tedious…”
5. tedious 同第4题。
6. Understanding 根据第一节“But if you really understand an important and interesting subject…”
7. completely/fully 根据第二节“When the pupils come to you, their minds are only half formed…”
8. resistant 根据第二节“You take the living mind, and mould it. It resists sometimes.”
9. wrong 根据第二节“To teach a boy the difference between truth and lie, to start him thinking about the meaning of poetry or patriotism...”
10. meaning 同第9题。
（十一）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The Best of Friends
The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families. But it seems that four out of five young people now get on well with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly-held image(形象) of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.
An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past. “We were surprised by just how positive today’s young people seem to be about their families,” said one member of the research team. “They’re expected to be rebellious (叛逆的) and selfish but actually they have other things on their minds: they want a car and material goods, and they worry about whether school is serving them well. There’s more negotiation and discussion between parents and children, and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don’t want to rock the boat (捣乱).”
So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat their children as friends. “My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me,” says 17-year-old Daniel Lazall. “I always tell them when I’m going out clubbing. As long as they know what I’m doing, they’re fine with it. ” Susan Crome, who is now 21, agrees. “Looking back on the last 10 years, there was a lot of what you could call negotiation. For example, as long as I’d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night. But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that.”
Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected. It is possible that the idea of teenage rebellion is not rooted in real facts. A researcher comments, “Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in our social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings. But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time, in the 1960s when everyone rebelled. The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.”
【参考答案】
1. Harmony 根据第一节“The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families.” 文章主题。
2. Theme/Topic 同第1题。
3. negative/passive 根据上下文理解。
4. Quarreling 根据第一节“…which is the opposite of the popularly-held image(形象) of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.”
5. regardless 根据第二节“They’re expected to be rebellious and selfish…”
6. trouble 根据第二节“…and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don’t want to rock the boat…”
7. Expecting 同第6题。
8. Negotiating/Discussing 根据第二节“There’s more negotiation and discussion between parents and children…”
9. freedom 根据第三节“…as long as I’d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night…”
10. turning/ handing 根据第四节“The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.”
（十二）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
Mail carriers will be delivering some good news and some bad news this week.
The bad news: Stamp prices are expected to rise 2cents in May to 41 cents, the Postal Regulatory Commission announced yesterday. The good news: With the introduction of a “forever stamp,” it may be the last time Americans have to use annoying 2-or-3-cent stamps to make up postage differences.
Beginning in May, people would be able to purchase the stamps in booklets of 20 at the regular rate of a first-class stamp. As the name implies, “forever stamps” will keep their first-class mailing value forever, even when the postage rate goes up.
The new “forever stamp” is the United States Postal Service’s (USPS) answer to the complaints about frequent rate increased. The May increase will be the fifth in a decade. Postal rates have risen because of inflation (通货膨胀), competition from online bill paying, and the rising costs of employee benefits, including healthcare, says Mark Saunders, a spokesman for USPS.
The USPS expects some financial gain from sales of the “forever stamp” and the savings from not printing as many two-or-three-cent stamps. “It’s not your grandfather’s stamp,” says Mr. Saunders. “It could be your great-grandchildren’s stamp.”
Other countries, including Canada, England, and Finland use similar stamps.
Don Schilling, who has collected stamps for 50 years, says he’s interested in the public’s reaction. “This is an entirely new class of stamps,” Mr. Schilling says. He adds that he’ll buy the stamps because he will be able to use them for a long period of time, not because they could make him rich---the volume printed will be too large for collectors. “We won’t be able to send our kids to college on these,” he says, laughing.
The USPS board of governors has yet to accept the Postal Regulatory Commission’s decision, but tends to follow its recommendations. No plans have been announced yet for the design of the stamps.
【参考答案】
1. purpose/aim/goal/target 根据上下文理解，“目的；意图”。
2. respond 根据第四节 “The new “forever stamp” is the United States Postal Service’s (USPS) answer to the complaints about…”
3. resulting 根据第四节 “Postal rates have risen because of inflation…”
4. ideas 根据上下文理解，“意见； 看法”。
5. benefit 根据第五节 “The USPS expects some financial gain from sales of the “forever stamp” and the savings from not printing as many two-or-three-cent stamps…”
6. fewer 同第5题。
7. included 根据第六节 “Other countries, including Canada, England, and Finland use similar stamps.”
8. kept/unchanged 根据第三节 “As the name implies, “forever stamps” will keep their first-class mailing value forever, even when the postage rate goes up…”
9. Conclusion 根据上下文理解，“结论”。
10. necessity/need 同第8题。
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The city of Rome has passed a new law to prevent cruelty to animal. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs.
This comes after a national law was passed to give prison sentences to people who desert cats or dogs.
“The civilization of a city can be measured by this,” said Monica Cirinna, the councilor (议员) behind the new law.
“It’s good to do whatever we can for our animals who in exchange for a little love fill our existence with their attention,” she told a Rome newspaper.
The newspaper reported that round bowls don’t give enough oxygen for fish and may make them go blind.
“Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals that deserve our respect and sympathy every bit as much as dogs and cats and other animals,” said Darin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets big fines and prison sentences. Since then local governments have added their own animal protection rules.
The northern city of Turin passed a law in April. Pet owners will be fined up to ＄598 if they do not walk their dogs three times a day.
The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn’t leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs’ tails to make them look lovelier. The law also gives legal recognition to the “cat ladies” who feed homeless cats. The cats live all over the city from ancient ruins to modern office car parks.
【参考答案】
1. Italy 文中提到“Rome, Turin, Italy”Italy 是国家，Rome，Turin是城市。
2. punishment 第七节“Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets
big fines and prison sentences.”违法要受惩罚。
3. Rome 根据第1题。
4. deserving 第六节“It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals that
deserve our respect and sympathy”用分词做定语。
5. pity / sympathy 根据第4题。
6. fined 第八节“Pet owners will be fined up to ＄598 if they do not walk their dogs
three times a day.”
7. forbidden 第九节 “The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn’t leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs’ tails to make them look lovelier.”
8. feeding/keeping/raising 第九节“The law also gives legal recognition to the ‘cat ladies’ who feed homeless cats.”用分词做定语。
9. recognized 根据第9题。
10. measured 第三节“The civilization (文明) of a city can be measured by this.”
（二）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (独白) as: "Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature and energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (阻碍) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you' 11 get up steam and work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
Problem Find (1)_________ in the morning so difficult.
(2)__________ Everyone has a (3)____________ energy cycle.
(4)__________ It leads to some familiar monologues.
Attitude You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can (5)________ to make your life fit it better.
【参考答案】
1. rising 文中开头提到 “Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult…”; 第三节倒数第二句 “…rise before your usual hour.”
2. Explanation 开头第二句提到 “…but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation.”
3. daily/everyday 开头第三句提到 “…He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.”
4. Result 第二节中提到 “No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues…”
5. learn 第三节开头提到 “You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better.”
6. anyway/anyhow 第三节开头第二句 “Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.” rise before your usual hour.
7. hour/time 第三节倒数第二句 “…rise before your usual hour.”
8. Solutions 根据上下文理解文章最后一节是解决问题的方法。
9. troublesome 最后一节第四句 “Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes…”
10. needing /requiring 最后一节最后一句 “…save tasks requiring more energy or concentration…”
（三）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
Over the last 70 years, researchers have been studying happy and unhappy people and finally found out ten factors that make a difference. Our feelings of well-being at any moment are determined to a certain degree by genes. However, of all the factors, wealth and age are the top two.
Money can buy a degree of happiness. But once you can afford to feed, clothe and house yourself, each extra dollar makes less and less difference.
Researchers find that, on average, wealthier people are happier. But the link between money and happiness is complex. In the past half-century, average income has sharply increased in developed countries, yet happiness levels have remained almost the same. Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to increase happiness if you have more than your friends, neighbors and colleagues.
“Dollars buy status, and status makes people feel better,” conclude some experts, which helps explain why people who can seek status in other ways—scientists or actors, for example—may happily accept relatively poorly-paid jobs.
In a research, Professor Alex Michalos found that the people whose desires—not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health—rose furthest beyond what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who felt a smaller gap. Indeed, the size of the gap predicted happiness about five times better than income alone. “The gap measures just blow away the only measures of income” says Michalos.
Another factor that has to do with happiness is age. Old age may not be so bad. “Given all the problems of aging, how could the elderly be more satisfied?” asks Professor Laura Carstensen.
In one survey, Carstensen interviewed 184 people between the ages of 18 and 94, and asked them to fill out an emotions questionnaire. She found that old people reported positive emotions just as often as young people, but negative emotions much less often.
Why are old people happier? Some scientists suggest older people may expect life to be harder and learn to live with it, or they’re more realistic about their goals, only setting ones that they know they can achieve. But Carstensen thinks that with time running out, older people have learned to focus on things that make them happy and let go of those that don’t. “People realize not only what they have, but also that what they have cannot last forever,” she says. “A goodbye kiss to a husband or wife at the age of 85, for example, may bring far more complex emotional responses than a similar kiss to a boy or girl friend at the age of 20.”
【参考答案】
1. determine 开头第二句提到 “…Our feelings of well-being at any moment are determined to…”
2. supply 第二节第二句 “But once you can afford to feed, clothe and house yourself…”根据语境应替换成 “supply food, clothes and houses to us”
3. improve 根据第四节理解。
4. reality 根据第五节 “the people whose desires—not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health—rose furthest beyond what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who felt a smaller gap.”
5. desire 同第4题。
6. negative 根据第七节 “old people reported positive emotions just as often as young people, but negative emotions much less often…”
7. goals 最后一节第二句 “…they’re more realistic about their goals, only setting ones that they know they can achieve…”
8. used 最后一节第三句 “…with time running out, older people have learned to focus on things that make them happy and let go of those that don’t.”
9. choose 同第8题。
10. Realizing 最后一节第三句“People realize not only what they have, but also that what they have cannot last forever,”
(四)
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
When we think of leadership, we often think of strength and power. But what are these really, and how do they operate?
Leadership today is not about forcing others to do things. If this is even possible, it is short-term, and tends to backfire. If you order someone to do something against their will, they may do it because they feel they must, but the anger they feel will do more harm in the long-term. They will also experience fear.
Fear causes the thinking brain to shut down, making the person unable to function at his or her best. If they associate you with this emotion (情绪) of fear, they will become less functional around you, and you will have succeeded in not only shooting yourself in the foot, but possibly making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively. Fear has no place in leadership.
The way we influence people in a lasting way is by our own character, and our understanding and use of emotion. We can order someone to do something, which may be part of the work day, or we can employ them at the emotional level, so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation. Today’s work place is all about relationships.
Anyone works harder in a positive environment in which they’re recognized and valued as a human being as well as a worker. Everyone produces just a bit more for someone they like. Leaders understand the way things work. They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor in the work life of most people.
The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence---knowing your own emotions, and how to handle them, and those of others. Developing your emotional intelligence is the single best thing you can do if you want to develop your relationships with people around you, which is the key to the leadership skills.
【参考答案】
1. Modern/Contemporary 第二节第一句 “Leadership today…” 结合图标左边“Traditional” 作为对比可推得。
2. Influencing/Motivating 根据第四节“The way we influence people in a lasting way…” “…so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation” 以及第五节 “They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor in the work life of most people…”
3. fearful/scared 第二节最后一句 “They will also experience fear”
4. harmonious/good/cozy/comfortable根据第四节归纳。
5. effective/efficient 第三节 “…making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively”
6. passively 根据第四节 “…so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation”并对照语境。
7. devotion/ enthusiasm 根据第四节 “…so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation”。
8. contributing/ leading 根据上下文。
9. long-term/lasting 根据第四节“The way we influence people in a lasting way…” 结合图标左边“A short-term effect” 作为对比可推得。
10. lies/ exists/consists 最后一节 “The true strength of leadership is an inner strength…”
（五）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The word conservation has a thrifty (节约的，俭省的) meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in hiving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has of us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers.Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas, we need to know why all watersheds (流域) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
【参考答案】
1. limited 根据第一节“…had the foolish idea that the treasures were ‘limitless’ and ‘inexhaustible’”
2. school 根据第二节“Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work…timber was still cheap…soil destruction and river floods were not national problems…nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use…”
3. Timber/Wood 同第2题。
4. national 同第2题。
5. land 同第2题。
6. make 根据第三节“…we must now set about repairing the mistakes of …Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life…”
7. conservation 同第6题。
8. underground 根据第三节“To know about the water table in the ground is just as important…”
9. planted/grown 根据第三节“We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them.”
10. restore /repair/ mend 根据第三节“In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.”
（六）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are pulled to populated areas and dry regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.
Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans are 7, 659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10, 000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.
Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, or rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees, south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.
The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling (通过漏斗般流过) of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in hauling, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinating (淡化海水), or removing salt from water.
【参考答案】
1. Theme/Topic 根据短文理解归纳主题。
2. Reasons 对主题 “Get fresh water from icebergs”进行解释说明。
3. Difficulty The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting
4. Conclusion 根据第四节“The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting…”
5. fresh 根据第二节“Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water…”
6. sustain/keep 根据第二节“…a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years…”
7. Antarctica 根据第二节“…more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.”
8. spreading 根据第三节“…breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea.”
9. currents 根据第三节“…icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents.”
10. provided 根据第四节“…the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinating…”
（七）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
New Findings about Husbands, Wives and AIDS
A common belief about AIDS and marriage is that husbands are more likely to infect (传染) wives than the other way around. Generally speaking this may be true. But a researcher has found that women may be responsible for more infections than experts have thought.
Vinod Mishra at Macro International, a research group in the United States, led a study of married couples in Africa. He studied what are known as discordant couples. This meant one partner had H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, while the other did not.
He examined population records and medical information from eleven African countries. He found that in four of these eleven countries, women were the infected partners in a majority of cases.
This was true in sixty-two percent of couples in Ivory Coast and Kenya. Wives were also the majority of infected partners in Ethiopia and Cameroon.
Lesotho had the smallest percentage of couples where only the wife was infected. Yet even there it was thirty-four percent.
How does Vinod Mishra explain these findings?
More women could be entering marriage already infected, he says. Or they could be getting H.I.V. from non-sexual causes. Maybe they received an injection with a needle that had been used before on someone with H.I.V.
But the researcher does not think these are the main explanations. He says there is clear evidence that a majority of women are getting infected within marriage from a person other than their husband.
AIDS prevention campaigns to change behavior have been aimed mostly at men. After all, men have generally been considered the main source for the spread of H.I.V. This thinking has been guided in part by the theories of AIDS investigators (研究者，调查者) based on people's own reports about their sexual behavior.
But Vinod Mishra says one possibility is that women are not fully reporting their sexual history. He says more research is needed before there can be any firm theories about H.I.V. infections and marriage. This issue is not about who is to blame, he tells us, but instead about saving lives and developing the best AIDS programs possible.
He presented his findings in June at a meeting in Rwanda. The event was organized by the American effort known as PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.
Title: New Findings about Husbands, Wives and Aids
【参考答案】
1. answer 根据第一节“…husbands are more likely to infect…”
2. change 根据第九节“…AIDS prevention campaigns to change behavior have been aimed mostly at men.”
3. lead 根据第四节“This was true in sixty-two percent of couples in Ivory Coast and Kenya. Wives were also the majority of infected partners in Ethiopia and Cameroon.”
4. bottom 根据第五节“Lesotho had the smallest percentage of couples where only the wife was infected.”
5. before 根据第七节“More women could be entering marriage already infected”
6. moral 根据第八节“a majority of women are getting infected within marriage from a person other than their husband.”
7. However 根据上下文。
8. honestly 根据第九节“…women are not fully reporting their sexual history.”
9. Conclusion 根据上下文归纳。
10. needed /necessary 根据第九节“He says more research is needed before there can be…”
（八）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
A Cool Way to Keep Food from Spoiling
A few degrees can make a big difference when it comes to food storage. Foods can go bad if they get too warm. But for many of the world's poor, finding a good way to keep food cool is difficult. Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity.
Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also economic losses. Farmers lose money when they have to throw away products that they cannot sell quickly.
But in nineteen ninety-five a teacher in northern Nigeria named Mohammed Bah Abba found a solution. He developed the "Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System." It uses two round containers made of clay. A smaller pot is placed inside a larger one.
The space between the two pots is filled with wet sand. The inner pot can be filled with fruit, vegetables or drinks. A wet cloth covers the whole cooling system.
Food stored in the smaller pot is kept from spoiling through a simple evaporation (蒸发) process. Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot, where drier outside air is moving.
The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees. This cools the inner pot and helps keep food safe from harmful bacteria. Some foods can be kept fresh this way for several weeks.
People throughout Nigeria began using the invention. And it became popular with farmers in other African countries. Mohammed Bah Abba personally financed the first five thousand pot-in-pot systems for his own community and five villages nearby.
In two thousand, the Rolex Watch Company of Switzerland honored him with the Rolex Award for Enterprise. This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being.
A committee considers projects in science and medicine, technology, exploration and discovery, the environment and cultural history. Winners receive financial assistance to help develop and extend their projects.
The award is given every two years. The next one will be given in two thousand eight.
【参考答案】
1. costly/ expensive 根据第一节“Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity.”
2. illness/sickness 根据第二节“Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also economic losses”
3. Where 根据图表右侧 “In Northern Nigeria”
4. What 根据上下文 "Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System."
5. heat 根据第五节“Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot…”蒸发需要吸收热量。
6. causing 根据第六节“The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees…”
7. popular 根据第七节“And it became popular with farmers in other African countries.”
8. recognizing 根据第八节“This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being.”
9. knowledgeable 同第8题。
10. happy 同第8题。
（九）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
In a primary school, a child is in a comparatively simple setting and most of the time forms a relationship with one familiar teacher. On entering secondary school, a new world opens up and frequently it is a much more difficult world. The pupil soon learns to be less free in the way he speaks to teachers and even to his fellow pupils. He begins to lose gradually the free and easy ways of the primary school, for he senses the need for a more cautious approach in the secondary school where there are older pupils. Secondary staff and pupils suffer from the pressures of academic work and seem to have less time to stop and talk. Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in a week, and a pupil may be able to form relationships with very few of the staff. He has to decide which adults are approachable: good schools will make clear to every young person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available--but whether the reality of life in the institution actually encourages requests for help is another matter.
Adults often forget what a confusing picture school can offer to a child. He sees a great deal of movement, a great number of people--often rather frightening looking people--and realizes that an increasing number of choices and decisions have to be made. As he progresses through the school the confusion may become less but the choices and decisions required will increase.The school will rightly expect the pupils to take the first steps to obtain the help he needs, for this is the pattern of adult life for which he has to be prepared. But all the time the opportunities for personal and group advice must be presented in a way which makes it easy to understand and within easy reach of pupils.
【参考答案】
1. Secondary 根据第一节“On entering secondary school, a new world opens up and frequently it is a much more difficult world.”
2. world 同第1题。
3. older 根据第一节“…in the secondary school where there are older pupils.”
4. Staff /Teachers 根据第一节“Secondary staff and pupils suffer from the pressures of academic work and seem to have less time to stop and talk.”
5. busy 同第4题。
6. touch 根据第一节“Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in a week, and a pupil may be able to form relationships with very few of the staff.”
7. guidance 根据第一节“…good schools will make clear to every young person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available”
8. frightening 根据第二节“…a great number of people--often rather frightening looking people--and realizes that an increasing number of choices and decisions have to be made.”
9. decisions 同第8题。
10. advice/suggestions 根据第二节“But all the time the opportunities for personal and group advice must be presented in a way…”
（十）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
One of the teacher's rewards is that he is using his mind on valuable subjects. All over the world people are spending their lives either on doing jobs where the mind must be kept numb (麻木的，失去知觉的) all day, or else on highly rewarded activities which are tedious (冗长的，无趣的). One can get accustomed (习惯于) to operating an adding machine for five and a half days a week, or to writing advertisements to persuade the public that one brand of cigarettes is better than another. Yet no one would do either of these things for its own sake. Only the money makes them tolerable. But if you really understand an important and interesting subject, like the structure of the human body or the history of the two world wars, it is a genuine (名副其实的) happiness to explain them to others, to welcome every new book on them, and to learn as you teach.
With this another reward of teaching is very closely linked. That is the happiness of making something. When the pupils come to you, their minds are only half formed, full of black spaces and vague notions (含糊不清的概念) and oversimplification. You do not merely insert a lot of facts, if you teach them properly. It is not like injecting 500 cc of serum (血浆), or giving a year's dose of vitamins. You take the living mind, and mould (用模具铸造) it. It resists sometimes. It may lie passive and apparently and refuse to accept anything you print on it. Sometimes it takes the mould too easily, and then seems to melt again and become featureless. But often it comes into firmer shape as you work, and gives you the incomparable happiness of helping to create a human being. To teach a boy the difference between truth and lie in print, to start him thinking about the meaning of poetry or patriotism, to hear him hammering back at you with the facts and arguments you have helped him to find, sharpened by himself and fitted to his own powers, gives the sort of satisfaction that an artist has when he makes a picture out of blank canvas (画布) and chemical coloring (色素), or a doctor when he hears a sick pulse pick up and carry the energies of new life under his hands.
【参考答案】
1. Rewards 文章主题。
2.Kinds/Sorts 根据上下文理解。
3.valuable 根据第一节“One of the teacher's rewards is that he is using his mind on valuable subjects.”
4. bored 根据第一节“All over the world people are spending their lives either on doing jobs where the mind must be kept numb all day, or else on highly rewarded activities which are tedious…”
5. tedious 同第4题。
6. Understanding 根据第一节“But if you really understand an important and interesting subject…”
7. completely/fully 根据第二节“When the pupils come to you, their minds are only half formed…”
8. resistant 根据第二节“You take the living mind, and mould it. It resists sometimes.”
9. wrong 根据第二节“To teach a boy the difference between truth and lie, to start him thinking about the meaning of poetry or patriotism...”
10. meaning 同第9题。
（十一）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
The Best of Friends
The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families. But it seems that four out of five young people now get on well with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly-held image(形象) of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.
An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past. “We were surprised by just how positive today’s young people seem to be about their families,” said one member of the research team. “They’re expected to be rebellious (叛逆的) and selfish but actually they have other things on their minds: they want a car and material goods, and they worry about whether school is serving them well. There’s more negotiation and discussion between parents and children, and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don’t want to rock the boat (捣乱).”
So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat their children as friends. “My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me,” says 17-year-old Daniel Lazall. “I always tell them when I’m going out clubbing. As long as they know what I’m doing, they’re fine with it. ” Susan Crome, who is now 21, agrees. “Looking back on the last 10 years, there was a lot of what you could call negotiation. For example, as long as I’d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night. But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that.”
Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected. It is possible that the idea of teenage rebellion is not rooted in real facts. A researcher comments, “Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in our social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings. But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time, in the 1960s when everyone rebelled. The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.”
【参考答案】
1. Harmony 根据第一节“The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families.” 文章主题。
2. Theme/Topic 同第1题。
3. negative/passive 根据上下文理解。
4. Quarreling 根据第一节“…which is the opposite of the popularly-held image(形象) of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.”
5. regardless 根据第二节“They’re expected to be rebellious and selfish…”
6. trouble 根据第二节“…and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don’t want to rock the boat…”
7. Expecting 同第6题。
8. Negotiating/Discussing 根据第二节“There’s more negotiation and discussion between parents and children…”
9. freedom 根据第三节“…as long as I’d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night…”
10. turning/ handing 根据第四节“The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.”
（十二）
阅读短文，并根据其内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空一词。
Mail carriers will be delivering some good news and some bad news this week.
The bad news: Stamp prices are expected to rise 2cents in May to 41 cents, the Postal Regulatory Commission announced yesterday. The good news: With the introduction of a “forever stamp,” it may be the last time Americans have to use annoying 2-or-3-cent stamps to make up postage differences.
Beginning in May, people would be able to purchase the stamps in booklets of 20 at the regular rate of a first-class stamp. As the name implies, “forever stamps” will keep their first-class mailing value forever, even when the postage rate goes up.
The new “forever stamp” is the United States Postal Service’s (USPS) answer to the complaints about frequent rate increased. The May increase will be the fifth in a decade. Postal rates have risen because of inflation (通货膨胀), competition from online bill paying, and the rising costs of employee benefits, including healthcare, says Mark Saunders, a spokesman for USPS.
The USPS expects some financial gain from sales of the “forever stamp” and the savings from not printing as many two-or-three-cent stamps. “It’s not your grandfather’s stamp,” says Mr. Saunders. “It could be your great-grandchildren’s stamp.”
Other countries, including Canada, England, and Finland use similar stamps.
Don Schilling, who has collected stamps for 50 years, says he’s interested in the public’s reaction. “This is an entirely new class of stamps,” Mr. Schilling says. He adds that he’ll buy the stamps because he will be able to use them for a long period of time, not because they could make him rich---the volume printed will be too large for collectors. “We won’t be able to send our kids to college on these,” he says, laughing.
The USPS board of governors has yet to accept the Postal Regulatory Commission’s decision, but tends to follow its recommendations. No plans have been announced yet for the design of the stamps.
【参考答案】
1. purpose/aim/goal/target 根据上下文理解，“目的；意图”。
2. respond 根据第四节 “The new “forever stamp” is the United States Postal Service’s (USPS) answer to the complaints about…”
3. resulting 根据第四节 “Postal rates have risen because of inflation…”
4. ideas 根据上下文理解，“意见； 看法”。
5. benefit 根据第五节 “The USPS expects some financial gain from sales of the “forever stamp” and the savings from not printing as many two-or-three-cent stamps…”
6. fewer 同第5题。
7. included 根据第六节 “Other countries, including Canada, England, and Finland use similar stamps.”
8. kept/unchanged 根据第三节 “As the name implies, “forever stamps” will keep their first-class mailing value forever, even when the postage rate goes up…”
9. Conclusion 根据上下文理解，“结论”。
10. necessity/need 同第8题。