论文部分内容阅读
从1644年至1911年,统治中国的清朝皇帝设法把内亚的大部分纳入其控制之下,并把中国的领土延伸到了前所未有的程度。本文认为其庇护的政治技巧与它规范化的语言,及其所强调用礼物交换与礼貌表述,对解释内亚腹地以联盟形式融入帝国是一个有用的概念。通过重新解释礼物交换的义务,清朝不得不加强和巩固其人际关系网的持久性,使之转变为有明确界定的统治系统。在这个规范化的过程中,作为清廷管理外藩事务的理藩院发挥了关键作用。然而,在王朝的早期,它是负责收集和传播与内亚首领有关的各种庇护关系的信息。在17、18世纪,它努力标准化和简化少数民族与国家之间的联系。当清朝在外藩行使更直接的控制权时,即使是在王朝后期,理藩院及其庇护的规则和原则被修改后一直保留。本文为多民族大清帝国的寿命和凝聚力提供了一个解释。基于最近出版的满文和蒙古文档案资料以及礼物交换的诸多内涵,本研究揭示了大清皇帝自我观念的改变。
From 1644 to 1911, the Qing emperors who ruled China sought to bring most of the country under its control and to extend China’s territory to an unprecedented level. This paper argues that the political skills of asylum with its normative language, as well as its emphasis on the exchange of gifts and polite expressions, are a useful concept for explaining the integration of the hinterland of the Negev into the empire. By reinterpreting the obligation to exchange gifts, the Qing Dynasty had to strengthen and consolidate the persistence of its network of relationships and transform it into a well-defined system of domination. In this process of standardization, it played a key role as a courthouse for the Qing court’s management of foreign affairs. However, in the early days of the dynasty, it was responsible for collecting and disseminating information on the various asylum relations with the leaders of the Neya. In the 17th and 18th centuries it sought to standardize and simplify the linkages between ethnic minorities and nations. When the Qing dynasty exercised more direct control over the outlying provinces, even after the reign of the dynasty, the regulations and principles governing the courthouse and its asylum were preserved. This article provides an explanation for the longevity and cohesion of the multinational Qing Empire. Based on the recently published Manchu and Mongolian archives and the many implications of gift exchange, this study reveals the changes in the self-concept of the Qing emperor.