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阅读类题目在高考英语新课标卷中主要是阅读理解和阅读填句（七选五）两类题型，在高考中所占分值为40分，在所有的题型中分值最大，所以同学们能否在阅读理解上取得高分，直接决定整个卷面能否取得高分，其重要性不可小觑。阅读理解重点考查同学们理解文意，查找具体和细节信息，结合语境推测词意句意，理清文章基本的逻辑结构，领会作者的意图和态度等方面的能力。本文主要结合实例探讨阅读理解中如何读懂语境，巧解阅读类题目。
[猜测词意题的关键点]
1. 借助信号词
（1）利用转折关系猜词。
在包含but，however，yet，otherwise，though，on the contrary这些表示转折意义的连词或短语的句子中，其前后的词有明显转折关系，根据已知的内容，结合这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。如：
She is usually prompt for all her class， but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
我们可能不知道prompt的意思，但我们知道but表示转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她一向“准时”的结论。
（2）利用因果关系猜词。
常用关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so， so ... that，such ... that therefore等）表示前因后果。在这些连词出现的有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果——“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测前句中permanent的意思是“永远的，永久的”。
（3）利用并列与递进关系猜词。
这种情形下and，or，neither ... nor ...，equally，in the same way，that is to say，as well as等连词较为常用。如：
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.
从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。
2. 借助上下文
（1）借助定义或举例。
定义关系常由定语从句或is， be called，be known as， be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示；或由that is （to say）， in other words，to put it another way利用定义解释猜词。如：
Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people； one player tries to get the other down on the floor.
根据定语从句的解释不难推测出wrestling是“摔跤”的意思。
It will be very hard but also very brittle ...that is， it will break easily.
从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
I’ve found Lucy is quite generous， for example， whenever she meets a beggar， she gives some coins to him.
由举的例子可知，generous意为“慷慨”。
（2）借助前后解释。
要认真研读其前或其后的解释说明，以体会出该词语的意思。
例1 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷） The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration （合作） with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid， Spain， and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg.
What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？
A. Artworks B. Projects
C. Donations D. Documents
解析 A。节选内容来自一篇介绍蓬皮杜艺术中心举办的萨尔瓦多·达利艺术作品展的说明文。根据前半句提到的“主要的上好藏品”可知，contributions与the fine selection of the major works是一类事物。
例2 （2015青岛高三模拟） This year， a very sweet old lady that I cared for， Alice， had gone through a difficult time. She got dementia and so she had been in the hospital twice. In November I was finally able to get her back to her “home”. The underlined word “dementia” in Paragraph 2 probably is .
A. a house B. a letter
C. an illness D. a plan
解析 根据she had been in the hospital twice可推断，此处表示老人生病了，住了两次院，故选C项。另外，句中的and so也表明got dementia和住院之间存在明确的因果关系，所以可以反向推断dementia意为“生病”。
[指代关系题]
指示代词往往出现在意思难以准确理解的语境中。要弄清指示代词所指代的对象，必须读懂相关句子的具体细节，再结合选项比对。
例3 （2016湖北三校联考） Why do we go wrong about our friends—or our enemies？ Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don’t really listen， we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you， “You are a lucky dog.” That’s being friendly. But lucky dog？ There’s a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn’t see it himself. But bringing the dog bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn’t think you deserve your luck.
The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to .
A. being friendly B. a bit of envy
C. lucky dog D. your luck
解析 B。本句上文说“假设某人跟你说你很幸运，那是友好的表现”，接下来有一个反问：“真的是这样吗？这句话里有些嫉妒的成分。也许他自己都没有发现。”到这里，我们可以推断it指的是a bit of envy。接着通过“但带了个‘狗’字让你有一点点失落。他的意思也许是他并不认为你配得上你的好运气。”就更可以确定说话人含有妒意了。
[七选五阅读]
除了可以借鉴猜词题、指代题的语境分析方法外，同学们要尤其注意辨别篇章的语境线索，如指称、逻辑、词语重现、连接等等。
例4 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷）
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 That is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately， we’ve all been victims of betrayal. Whether we’ve been stolen from， lied to， misled， or cheated on， there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 37 It’s understandable， but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again， we have some steps you can take to get you there.
38 Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.
39 If you’ve been betrayed， you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives， we’ll have our trust tested or violated.
You didn’t lose “everything”. Once trust is lost， what is left？ Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle， look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40 Instead， it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness. A. Learn to really trust yourself.
B. It is putting confidence in someone.
C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
解析 BEACG。这是一篇介绍人际关系中如何重新建立信任的文章。
第1句介绍信任的概念，“信任是一种从过去经验中习得的行为”，接下来就是第36空。第36空后介绍“那是一种冒险”，可知36空应为进一步解释信任的内涵，即It is putting confidence in someone， 选B（it 指代trust）。
第2段用unfortunately话锋一转，开始介绍了背叛的形式以及人们不再敢于相信别人。第37空后又表示it is understandable（可以理解），所这里填的就应该是不相信人的理由。E选项（They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.）符合题意。它与上一句构成顺承关系，又是下一句的原因。
根据第2段最后一句we have some steps you can take to get you there可知，第38、39空都应填建立信任的步骤。答题务必弄懂每段所讲的意思。第38空所在这段讲自信的好处，所以分标题应为“要自信”，答案A符合。第39空所在的这段讲对待背叛的态度，解释中多次出现victim这个关键词，不难推测出C答案。
涉及分标题的题目就相对简单多了，这两题都可根据词语重现辅助判断。广义上讲，词语重现不仅是词汇的简单重复，还可能是词汇以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现，要注意识别。
最后一段讲人应该正确看待背叛。第40空前讲要学会感激生活中好的一面，空后有instead， 表示这反而是一种健康的方式，能让你克服这种经历（被背叛），为正面的成长和宽恕创造空间。所以第40空应该填含否定意义的内容，即讲“这不是什么”，和“这反而是什么”构成一个完整的意思表达。G（看到积极的一面并不意味着你是在无视已经发生的事）符合。instead是转折关系信号词。
阅读理解是对综合能力的考查，包括语言基础知识、文化背景常识以及基本的逻辑思维能力。因此，除了掌握语境分析的方法外，同学们还应重视基础词汇、语法和句型，把握语篇结构和写作方法，并有意识地积累英美文化常识、自然、社会知识，这样才能有效提高阅读理解能力，做好高考阅读类题目。
[猜测词意题的关键点]
1. 借助信号词
（1）利用转折关系猜词。
在包含but，however，yet，otherwise，though，on the contrary这些表示转折意义的连词或短语的句子中，其前后的词有明显转折关系，根据已知的内容，结合这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。如：
She is usually prompt for all her class， but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
我们可能不知道prompt的意思，但我们知道but表示转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她一向“准时”的结论。
（2）利用因果关系猜词。
常用关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so， so ... that，such ... that therefore等）表示前因后果。在这些连词出现的有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果——“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测前句中permanent的意思是“永远的，永久的”。
（3）利用并列与递进关系猜词。
这种情形下and，or，neither ... nor ...，equally，in the same way，that is to say，as well as等连词较为常用。如：
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.
从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。
2. 借助上下文
（1）借助定义或举例。
定义关系常由定语从句或is， be called，be known as， be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示；或由that is （to say）， in other words，to put it another way利用定义解释猜词。如：
Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people； one player tries to get the other down on the floor.
根据定语从句的解释不难推测出wrestling是“摔跤”的意思。
It will be very hard but also very brittle ...that is， it will break easily.
从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
I’ve found Lucy is quite generous， for example， whenever she meets a beggar， she gives some coins to him.
由举的例子可知，generous意为“慷慨”。
（2）借助前后解释。
要认真研读其前或其后的解释说明，以体会出该词语的意思。
例1 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷） The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration （合作） with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid， Spain， and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg.
What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？
A. Artworks B. Projects
C. Donations D. Documents
解析 A。节选内容来自一篇介绍蓬皮杜艺术中心举办的萨尔瓦多·达利艺术作品展的说明文。根据前半句提到的“主要的上好藏品”可知，contributions与the fine selection of the major works是一类事物。
例2 （2015青岛高三模拟） This year， a very sweet old lady that I cared for， Alice， had gone through a difficult time. She got dementia and so she had been in the hospital twice. In November I was finally able to get her back to her “home”. The underlined word “dementia” in Paragraph 2 probably is .
A. a house B. a letter
C. an illness D. a plan
解析 根据she had been in the hospital twice可推断，此处表示老人生病了，住了两次院，故选C项。另外，句中的and so也表明got dementia和住院之间存在明确的因果关系，所以可以反向推断dementia意为“生病”。
[指代关系题]
指示代词往往出现在意思难以准确理解的语境中。要弄清指示代词所指代的对象，必须读懂相关句子的具体细节，再结合选项比对。
例3 （2016湖北三校联考） Why do we go wrong about our friends—or our enemies？ Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don’t really listen， we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you， “You are a lucky dog.” That’s being friendly. But lucky dog？ There’s a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn’t see it himself. But bringing the dog bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn’t think you deserve your luck.
The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to .
A. being friendly B. a bit of envy
C. lucky dog D. your luck
解析 B。本句上文说“假设某人跟你说你很幸运，那是友好的表现”，接下来有一个反问：“真的是这样吗？这句话里有些嫉妒的成分。也许他自己都没有发现。”到这里，我们可以推断it指的是a bit of envy。接着通过“但带了个‘狗’字让你有一点点失落。他的意思也许是他并不认为你配得上你的好运气。”就更可以确定说话人含有妒意了。
[七选五阅读]
除了可以借鉴猜词题、指代题的语境分析方法外，同学们要尤其注意辨别篇章的语境线索，如指称、逻辑、词语重现、连接等等。
例4 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷）
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 That is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately， we’ve all been victims of betrayal. Whether we’ve been stolen from， lied to， misled， or cheated on， there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 37 It’s understandable， but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again， we have some steps you can take to get you there.
38 Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.
39 If you’ve been betrayed， you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives， we’ll have our trust tested or violated.
You didn’t lose “everything”. Once trust is lost， what is left？ Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle， look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40 Instead， it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness. A. Learn to really trust yourself.
B. It is putting confidence in someone.
C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
解析 BEACG。这是一篇介绍人际关系中如何重新建立信任的文章。
第1句介绍信任的概念，“信任是一种从过去经验中习得的行为”，接下来就是第36空。第36空后介绍“那是一种冒险”，可知36空应为进一步解释信任的内涵，即It is putting confidence in someone， 选B（it 指代trust）。
第2段用unfortunately话锋一转，开始介绍了背叛的形式以及人们不再敢于相信别人。第37空后又表示it is understandable（可以理解），所这里填的就应该是不相信人的理由。E选项（They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.）符合题意。它与上一句构成顺承关系，又是下一句的原因。
根据第2段最后一句we have some steps you can take to get you there可知，第38、39空都应填建立信任的步骤。答题务必弄懂每段所讲的意思。第38空所在这段讲自信的好处，所以分标题应为“要自信”，答案A符合。第39空所在的这段讲对待背叛的态度，解释中多次出现victim这个关键词，不难推测出C答案。
涉及分标题的题目就相对简单多了，这两题都可根据词语重现辅助判断。广义上讲，词语重现不仅是词汇的简单重复，还可能是词汇以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现，要注意识别。
最后一段讲人应该正确看待背叛。第40空前讲要学会感激生活中好的一面，空后有instead， 表示这反而是一种健康的方式，能让你克服这种经历（被背叛），为正面的成长和宽恕创造空间。所以第40空应该填含否定意义的内容，即讲“这不是什么”，和“这反而是什么”构成一个完整的意思表达。G（看到积极的一面并不意味着你是在无视已经发生的事）符合。instead是转折关系信号词。
阅读理解是对综合能力的考查，包括语言基础知识、文化背景常识以及基本的逻辑思维能力。因此，除了掌握语境分析的方法外，同学们还应重视基础词汇、语法和句型，把握语篇结构和写作方法，并有意识地积累英美文化常识、自然、社会知识，这样才能有效提高阅读理解能力，做好高考阅读类题目。