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序论随着科技的进步,人们设计制造的各种组件结构愈来愈复杂。由于这些组件结构的用途往往非常重要,它们的耐用性和安全性必须符合很严格的要求,以避免任何意外造成的严重的人力或物力损失。为了改进安全性和耐用性,一个直觉的想法是选用最好的材料,增加结构的厚度,或者缩短使用的期限。可是在今天材料和能源都很昂贵的情况下,这些想法很明显不符合经济的原则。因此在这既要可靠性高又要符合经济原则的要求下,工程师们除了做最佳的设计之外,还要仰赖周密的质量控制(quality control)。不仅制造的成品在出厂时需要详细地检查,以保证质量符合规定,在使用中的组件结构也要定期检验或甚至连续地监控,以确定性能没有因为长时间的使用而降低。
Preface As technology advances, people design and manufacture of various components of the structure more and more complex. As the use of these component structures is often very important, their durability and safety must meet very stringent requirements to avoid any significant human or material damage caused by accidents. To improve safety and durability, one intuitive idea is to choose the best material, increase the thickness of the structure, or shorten the period of use. But with today’s expensive materials and energy sources, these ideas are obviously not in line with economic principles. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of high reliability and economic principles, engineers should rely not only on the best quality control but also on the quality control. Not only are finished products manufactured at the factory in need of a detailed examination to ensure that the quality is in compliance with the regulations, and the components in use are also regularly inspected or even continuously monitored to determine that the performance has not been reduced by prolonged use.