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在伦理学上,对美德和技艺之间差别的争论已有很长的历史。我认为这在西方是鱼龙混杂、令人气馁并且对人类的繁荣昌盛方面往往是有害的历史。它产生了一种杰出人物统治论,这种观点几个世纪以来一直把普通人排斥在人类美德的楷模之外。本文认为其根本问题就在于把技艺与美德的区分同生活方式的差异混杂在一起。这种混淆延续到了今天,是当代美德理论的一个重要缺陷。 亚里士多德把技术或工艺知识与实践智慧(phronesis)区分开来。技术涉及生产,其目的很明确,问题只是如何生产。而实践智慧是阐述目的本身,是以人类的繁荣昌盛为目标。工艺或技艺可用
In ethics, the debate over the differences between virtues and craftsmanship has a long history. I think it is a long history of mixed, discouraging and often detrimental histories of humankind’s prosperity in the West. It produced an eminent personalist theory that has for centuries rejected ordinary people out of the example of human virtues. This article argues that the fundamental problem lies in the fact that the distinction between the arts and the virtues and the lifestyle differences are mixed together. This confusion continues today and is an important flaw in the contemporary theory of virtue. Aristotle distinguished technical or technological knowledge from phronesis. Technology involves production, its purpose is clear, the question is how to produce. However, practical wisdom is to elaborate the purpose itself and aim at the prosperity of mankind. Craft or skill is available