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效果主义、义务论和契约论并非伦理学反思所仅有的形式,伦理学反思如果采取其他的形式也许会更有成效。美德伦理学有可能就是这种更有成效的理论形式。美德伦理学可以分为非道德的美德伦理学和道德的美德伦理学。前者以亚里士多德的美德伦理学为代表,其核心的美德概念和道德的规范或法则没有明显的联系。后者以18世纪苏格兰哲学家弗朗西斯·哈奇森的美德伦理学理论为代表,其美德的概念和道德上正确或错误的概念有着密切的联系。当代美德伦理学家更关注美德和行动正确性的关系,他们当中的许多人更强调美德,而不是行动的效果在决定一个行动正确与否中的作用。
Effects, obligations and contracts are not the only forms of reflection on ethics. Ethical reflection may be more effective if taken in other forms. Virtue ethics may be such a more effective theoretical form. Virtue ethics can be divided into non-moral virtue ethics and moral virtue ethics. The former is represented by Aristotle’s virtue ethics, and the core concept of virtue is not obviously related to moral norms or laws. The latter is represented by the 18th century Scottish philosopher Francis Hutchinson’s theory of virtue ethics whose concept of virtue is closely linked to the concept of morally right or wrong. Contemporary virtues ethnographers pay more attention to the relationship between the virtues and the correctness of actions. Many of them emphasize the virtues more than the effect of the actions in determining the correctness of an action.