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Proteins are one of the major classes of biomolecules that execute biological functions for maintenance of life.Various kinds of nanostructures self-assembled from proteins have been created in nature over millions of years of evolution,including protein nanowires,layers and nanocages.These protein nanostructures can be reconstructed and equipped with desired new functions.Learning from and manipulating the self-assembly of protein nanostructures not only help to deepen our understanding of the nature of life but also offer new routes to fabricate novel nanomaterials for diverse applications.This review summarizes the recent research progress in this field,focusing on the characteristics,functionalization strategies,and applications of protein nanostructures.