主权者由个体组成,而这些个体却不承担任何责任,也无法被要求承担任何责任:不负责的个体。这并不是自由民主制的初衷。其初衷是,这种享有主权的个体是尽职尽责的个体,是本着自己的良心自我约束和自我引导的个体。——列奥·施特劳斯[1]引言现代性的根本困境之一是价值规范基础的瓦解。一方面,在“除魅”之后的现代世界中,宗教或超验的宇宙观受到启蒙理性的挑战,不再能够提供广泛共享的价值规范资源;另一方面,启蒙主义所倡导的个 Sovereigns are composed of individuals who do not assume any responsibility and can not be required to assume any responsibility: an individual who is not responsible. This is not the original intention of a free and democratic system. Its original intention was that such sovereign individuals were due diligence individuals and self-restraint and self-guided individuals based on their conscience. - Leo Strauss [1] Introduction One of the fundamental dilemmas of modernity is the collapse of the basis of normative values. On the one hand, religious or transcendental cosmology is challenged by the enlightenment rationality in the modern world beyond “charm,” and can no longer provide a widely shared source of value norms; on the other hand, the proponents of enlightenment