鸦片战争时,中国的经制之师是八旗和绿营.八旗军约有二十万余人,主要驻扎在京畿和东北一带,其他的分驻在全国各地.鸦片战争中,京畿和东三省旗兵均没有调动,故大部分八旗兵没有参战.绿营兵有六十万,是鸦片战争的主力,所以,本文研究清朝军事制度主要以绿营军制为例.一、营制与守汛之制使清军只能采取消极防御的战略纵观整个鸦片战争,清军基本上是采取消极防御的战略.诚然,在当时中国的交通运输和缺乏近代海军的条件下,在这漫长的沿海线上要机动策应来回迎击,是不现实的.但从局部战场看,这是可能的.如浙江、江苏战场,镇海、宁波、慈溪、乍浦、镇江、南京等战略据点相距大都在一百公里左右.如果当时清军有一支数量比较可观、有一定战斗力的机动部 During the Opium War, China’s system of division was the Eight Banners and the Green Camp. The Eight Banners, with more than 200,000 troops, was mainly stationed in the Gyeonggi Province and the Northeastern China region while the others were stationed throughout the country. In the Opium War, the Gyeonggi Province and the Northeastern Provinces Therefore, most of the Eight Banners did not participate in the war, and there are 600,000 Green Camp soldiers, which is the main force of the Opium War. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the Qing military regime with the example of the Green Camp military system. So that the Qing Army can only take the strategy of negative defense Throughout the Opium War, the Qing Army is basically a strategy of passive defense.Of course, at the time of China’s transport and lack of modern naval conditions, in the long coastal line It is unrealistic to look at the tactics from the battlefield back and forth, but from a partial battlefield perspective, this is possible, with most of the strategic bases such as Zhejiang and Jiangsu battlefields, Zhenhai, Ningbo, Cixi, Zhapu, Zhenjiang and Nanjing at a distance of about 100 kilometers. If at that time the Qing army had a relatively large number of maneuvering units with a certain combat effectiveness