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[摘 要]定语从句是高考英语语法学习中的一大难点,也是高考中从未间断过的一个语法点。它是英语的各种复合句中比较复杂的语法项目。它涉及到对句子的理解,句子成份的分析,如何选用关系词,同时引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词关系副词,他们在从句中有的指人、有的指物、有的表示时间、有的表示地点,还有的表示原因;有的在从句中做主语、有的做定语、有的做宾语等。本文将就高考复习中定语从句常见问题的解决做归纳分析。
[关键词]高考英语 语法教学 定语从句 常见问题解决
在高考复习中,定语从句是英语语法学习中的重点内容,也是难点。因此它作为一种基本的语法现象虽然在复习中经常被老师讲到,但笔者通过几年的教学实践发现,对于这个语法点,学生仍旧经常在以下几个地方出错:(1)引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择;(2)非限制性定语从句(特别是先行词是整个句子时)的关系代词和关系副词的选择;(3)由whose,where, that, as和“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
要想解决这些问题,笔者总结,首先要注意解题思路:①通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;②题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;③观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;④确定从句性质后,回忆相关从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍;⑤注意标点符号和并列连词(and, but)的作用;⑥将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。
其次,在高考复习过程中注意熟练掌握定语从句的常考点和易错点,主要包括:
1.关系代词which和that的选择。限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,许多情况下既可以用关系代词which,也可以用关系代词that,但在下列情况中,只能使用关系代词that,而不用which。
⑴ 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时,如:
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
⑵当先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very等词修饰时,如:
This is the very book that I’m looking for.
⑶当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时,如:
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
⑷当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词修饰时,如:
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
⑸当先行词既有人又有物时,如:
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
⑹当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时,如:
Which is the bike that you lost?
⑺有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个宜用that,如:
They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.
⑻当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时,如:
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
2.介词 + 关系代词(which)= where/when。有时为表示清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from, to等。如:
China is the birth place of kites, from where kiting flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
3.关系代词as,which的区别。定语从句中,as, which都可引导非限制性定语从句,但是,当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as,不能用which。当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。
⑴当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如:
He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected).
⑵当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known, be said, be reported, be announced 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。如:
She has been absent again, as is expected.
⑶ as常用在as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was printed out, as (it) was said earlier, as (it) appears等结构中,如:
Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.
⑷ as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义,如:
David is tall, as are my brothers. ⑸当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从句,如:
Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.
⑹当非限制性定语从句为否定句时,常用which,如:
Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesn’t like at all.
4.关系副词,尤其是关系副词where的用法。高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如:
The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.
这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问词中where、名词性从句中的where都有这种用法,如:
Where will all this trouble lead?
5.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词的形式应与先行词保持一致。
⑴ one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数动词,如:
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
⑵ the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数动词,如:
The Great Wall is the (only) one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
⑶当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从句的谓语动词用单数形式,如:
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
⑷其他情况:
I,who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.
To own a color TV set in each family, which we thought was impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true.
Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about?
参考文献:
[1]张道真.实用英语语法.商务印书馆. 2003,3.
[2]朱崇军.高中英语语法全解.华东师范大学出版社. 2006,7.
[3]薄冰.薄冰语法手册.商务印书馆. 2004,8.
[4]李陆桂.高中英语语法大全.广西师范大学出版社.2004,3.
[5]徐广联.中学英语语法讲座与测试.华东理工大学出版社.2007,11.
[关键词]高考英语 语法教学 定语从句 常见问题解决
在高考复习中,定语从句是英语语法学习中的重点内容,也是难点。因此它作为一种基本的语法现象虽然在复习中经常被老师讲到,但笔者通过几年的教学实践发现,对于这个语法点,学生仍旧经常在以下几个地方出错:(1)引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择;(2)非限制性定语从句(特别是先行词是整个句子时)的关系代词和关系副词的选择;(3)由whose,where, that, as和“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
要想解决这些问题,笔者总结,首先要注意解题思路:①通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;②题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;③观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;④确定从句性质后,回忆相关从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍;⑤注意标点符号和并列连词(and, but)的作用;⑥将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。
其次,在高考复习过程中注意熟练掌握定语从句的常考点和易错点,主要包括:
1.关系代词which和that的选择。限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,许多情况下既可以用关系代词which,也可以用关系代词that,但在下列情况中,只能使用关系代词that,而不用which。
⑴ 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时,如:
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
⑵当先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very等词修饰时,如:
This is the very book that I’m looking for.
⑶当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时,如:
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
⑷当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词修饰时,如:
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
⑸当先行词既有人又有物时,如:
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
⑹当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时,如:
Which is the bike that you lost?
⑺有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个宜用that,如:
They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.
⑻当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时,如:
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
2.介词 + 关系代词(which)= where/when。有时为表示清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from, to等。如:
China is the birth place of kites, from where kiting flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
3.关系代词as,which的区别。定语从句中,as, which都可引导非限制性定语从句,但是,当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as,不能用which。当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。
⑴当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如:
He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected).
⑵当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known, be said, be reported, be announced 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。如:
She has been absent again, as is expected.
⑶ as常用在as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was printed out, as (it) was said earlier, as (it) appears等结构中,如:
Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.
⑷ as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义,如:
David is tall, as are my brothers. ⑸当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从句,如:
Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.
⑹当非限制性定语从句为否定句时,常用which,如:
Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesn’t like at all.
4.关系副词,尤其是关系副词where的用法。高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如:
The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.
这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问词中where、名词性从句中的where都有这种用法,如:
Where will all this trouble lead?
5.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词的形式应与先行词保持一致。
⑴ one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数动词,如:
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
⑵ the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数动词,如:
The Great Wall is the (only) one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
⑶当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从句的谓语动词用单数形式,如:
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
⑷其他情况:
I,who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.
To own a color TV set in each family, which we thought was impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true.
Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about?
参考文献:
[1]张道真.实用英语语法.商务印书馆. 2003,3.
[2]朱崇军.高中英语语法全解.华东师范大学出版社. 2006,7.
[3]薄冰.薄冰语法手册.商务印书馆. 2004,8.
[4]李陆桂.高中英语语法大全.广西师范大学出版社.2004,3.
[5]徐广联.中学英语语法讲座与测试.华东理工大学出版社.2007,11.