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一、苏联半个世纪来关于“五项公式”研究的概况自从本世纪三十年代初以来,苏联的历史学界就把五种社会经济形态——原始公社制形态、奴隶占有制形态、封建制形态、资本主义形态以及社会主义·共产主义形态——的演进的更替看成是历史科学的基本规律,并且以之作为通史(世界的和国别的)分期法的唯一标准。这个规律和分期法,在近一二十年来被苏联学者称之为“五种社会形态公式”或“五项公式”(以下我们借用这个术语)。
I. Overview of the “Five Formulas” Study in the Soviet Union in the Past Half Century Since the early 1930s, the historians of the Soviet Union have put five forms of social economy: the form of primitive commune system, the form of slave ownership, The feudal system, the capitalist form, and the socialist and communist form were regarded as the basic laws of historical science and as the only criterion for the general law (world and state) staging. This law and staging method has been called “five social modalities” or “five formulas” by Soviet scholars in the past decade or two (we borrow this term below).