目的　了解中国农村居民对血吸虫病和其他疾病的认知 ,探讨这些认知与疾病防治规划的关系以改进防治规划。方法　在中国安徽迎江村进行了现场研究。应用人类学和流行病学的方法 ,如专题小组讨论、深入访谈、问卷调查和粪便检查等方法进行调查。结果　当地的居民能够认识较多疾病 ,主要疾病以感染性疾病为主 ,如血吸虫病 ,肝炎、出血热、钩虫病、蛔虫病和感染性皮肤病等。居民对血吸虫病和其他疾病有相当程度的了解 ,但认识并不完全正确。居民对疾病的分类依从于对病因的认识。当地居民认为有 8类因素可导致疾病 :寄生虫、冷热不均衡、过劳和饥饿、“热毒”、脏水和脏食物、精神因素、鬼怪和农药等。结论　健康教育、改善卫生设施和安全供水是增进农村居民健康的重要措施 Objective To understand the cognition of schistosomiasis and other diseases among rural residents in China and explore the relationship between these cognitions and disease prevention and control programs to improve their prevention and control plans. Methods Field research was conducted in Yingjiang Village, Anhui Province, China. Anthropological and epidemiological methods, such as panel discussions, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and stool tests, were used to investigate. As a result, local residents were able to recognize more diseases. The main diseases were mainly infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, hookworm, ascariasis and infectious dermatosis. Residents have a good understanding of schistosomiasis and other diseases, but their understanding is not entirely correct. Residents’ classification of the disease is based on the understanding of the cause. Local residents think there are eight types of diseases that can cause illness: parasites, uneven heat and cold, overwork and hunger, “heat poisoning”, dirty and dirty food, mental factors, ghosts and pesticides. Conclusions Health education, improving sanitation facilities and safe water supply are important measures to improve the health of rural residents