“商品生产和已经发展的商品流通,商业,是资本主义生产关系发生的历史前提”。明代中期以后商品经济显得异常活跃,例如湖州地区有人种桑却不养茧,只将桑叶出售;苏州的绫罗,景德镇的瓷器,湖州的丝,四川的盐铁等都远销各地。工商城镇也随着商品经济的发展而出现,北京和南京既是当时的政治、经济、文化中心,也成为商业中心。南方的广州、福州、宁波,长江流域的武昌、汉阳,此外江浙一带农村也星罗棋布地出 “Commodity production and the development of the circulation of commodities, commerce, is the historical premise of the capitalist relations of production.” After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the commodity economy became very active. For example, there were people in the Huzhou area who did not raise cocoons and only sold the mulberry leaves. The Aloe-Suzhou and Jingdezhen porcelain wares in Suzhou, the silk in Huzhou and the salt iron in Sichuan were sold all over the country. The industrial and commercial cities and towns also appeared along with the development of the commodity economy. Beijing and Nanjing were both the political, economic and cultural centers at that time, they also became commercial centers. Southern Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Ningbo, the Yangtze River Wuchang, Hanyang, in addition to rural areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang also dotted