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地膜是农业生产中重要的生产资料之一,过去30多年,地膜用量和农作物覆膜面积一直稳定增长,2014年地膜用量达到了144万t,覆膜面积超过1 800万hm~2,该技术对保障我国农产品安全供给作出了重大贡献。与此同时,地膜残留污染问题越来越严重,一些农田的地膜残留量超过250 kg/hm~2,在我国西北的局部区域,地膜残留已经对农田土壤、作物生长发育、农事作业等造成严重影响和危害。生物降解地膜成为替代普通PE地膜、解决地膜残留污染的一种有效措施和手段,目前生物降解地膜正处于产品研发和评价试验的关键阶段,部分生物降解地膜产品在马铃薯、花生、烟草生产上显示出良好的效果,但总体上还面临巨大挑战,主要包括需要进一步提高地膜产品质量,提高地膜产品破裂和降解可控性,改善地膜的增温保墒能力,实现满足农作物对地膜覆盖功能的要求;此外,需要降低生物降解地膜综合成本,促进生物降解地膜规模化应用。总体上,随着技术进步和农业生产环境的变化,生物降解地膜应用将具有良好的前景。
Film mulching is one of the most important means of production in agricultural production. Over the past 30 years, the amount of mulching film and the area of crop mulching have been steadily increasing. The amount of mulching film reached 1.44 million tons in 2014 and the area covered by the mulching film exceeded 18 million hm ~ 2. It has made a significant contribution to safeguarding the supply of agricultural products in our country. At the same time, the problem of residual pollution of mulching film is getting more and more serious. The residual amount of mulching film in some farmlands exceeds 250 kg / hm ~ 2. In some areas in the northwest of China, mulching residues have caused serious damage to farmland soils, crop growth and agricultural operations Impact and harm. Biodegradable plastic film has become an alternative to ordinary PE film, to solve the residual film mulching an effective measure and means, the current biodegradable plastic film is in the critical stage of product development and evaluation tests, some biodegradable plastic film products in the potato, peanut, tobacco production showed But it also faces great challenges as a whole, including the need to further improve the quality of mulching film products, improve the controllability of mulching film products to rupture and degradation, improve the ability of warming and preserving mulch film, and meet the requirements of crops for mulching film function; In addition, the need to reduce the overall cost of biodegradable plastic film, plastic film to promote biodegradable applications. Overall, with the progress of technology and the change of agricultural production environment, biodegradable film application will have a good prospect.