慢性自发性荨麻疹患者外周血IL-18、IL-35的表达与意义

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  [摘要] 目的 探讨慢性自发性荨麻疹(CSU)患者外周血调节性T细胞(Treg)及辅助性T细胞1(Th1)相关细胞因子白细胞介素35(IL-35)及白细胞介素18(IL-18)的水平变化。 方法 选取2019年6月至2020年10月就诊于本院皮肤科的慢性自发性荨麻疹患者50例和同时期体检中心健康者30名,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测外周血IL-18和IL-35表达水平,分析其水平差异及与临床症状、体征积分(UAS)之间的相关性。 结果 CSU患者外周血IL-18表达水平为(125.75±19.10)pg/mL,较健康对照组的(68.96±10.65)pg/mL显著升高,与临床症状、体征积分呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CSU患者外周血IL-35表达水平为(41.86±6.13)pg/mL,较健康对照组的(77.38±13.19)pg/mL显著降低,与临床症状、体征积分呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 IL-35及IL-18在CSU发病中可能发挥一定作用,可能为CSU的临床评价和治疗带来新思路。
  [关键词] CSU;IL-18;IL-35;相关性
  [中图分类号] R758.2          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)24-0010-04
  Expression and significance of IL-18 and IL-35 in peripheral blood of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria
  CHENG Qiannan   LI Dongning
  Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou   121000, China
  [Abstract] Objective To explore the changes of the peripheral blood regulatory T cells (Treg) and helper T cell 1 (Th1) related cytokine interleukin-35 (IL-35) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Methods Fifty patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in the dermatology department of our hospital and 30 healthy patients in the physical examination center from June 2019 to October 2020 were selected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression levels of IL-18 and IL-35 in peripheral blood. The differences in IL-18 and IL-35 levels and their correlation with clinical symptoms and physical signs (UAS) were analyzed. Results The expression level of IL-18 in peripheral blood of CSU patients was (125.75±19.10)pg/mL,which was significantly higher than (68.96±10.65)pg/mL of the healthy control group, which was positively correlated with clinical symptoms and signs, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The expression level of IL-35 in peripheral blood of CSU patients was (41.86±6.13)pg/mL, significantly lower than (77.38±13.19) pg/mL of the healthy control group, which was negatively correlated with clinical symptoms and physical signs, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion IL-35 and IL-18 may play a role in the pathogenesis of CSU, which may bring new ideas for the clinical evaluation and treatment of CSU
  [Key words] CSU; IL-18; IL-35; Correlation
  慢性自發性荨麻疹(Chronic spontaneous urticaria,CSU)是皮肤科门诊高度流行的一种变态反应性疾病,由多种炎症细胞及因子参与并累及到皮肤黏膜。有研究表明,细胞失衡与CSU的发生发展有密切关系。特别CD4+ T淋巴细胞。其中包含辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th细胞)和调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg细胞),而Th细胞包括(Th1淋巴细胞亚群、Th2淋巴细胞亚群、Th17淋巴细胞亚群),并将研究热点集中于Th1与Th2细胞、Treg细胞和Th17细胞间的失衡。白细胞介素-35(Interleukin,IL-35)属于IL-12家族,于2007年由Collison等发现并命名,其表达与分泌的方式却仅限于Treg细胞,且有免疫抑制功能。白细胞介素-18(Interleukin,IL-18)是一种Th1细胞相关的IL-1家族细胞因子,是一种多向性免疫调节因子。IL-18通过诱导干扰素(IFN-γ)而发挥较强的促炎作用。目前,关于CSU与IL-35及IL-18的相关性研究甚少。本研究通过对CSU患者外周血IL-35及IL-18表达水平的检测,分析IL-35及IL-18在CSU发生发展的可能机制,现报道如下。   1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  选取2019年6月至2020年10月就诊于我院皮肤科门诊的50例CSU患者,男24例,女26例,平均年龄(37.86±11.66)岁。于体检中心收集健康者30名,其中男14例,女16例,平均年龄(38.30±14.44)岁。两组一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
   诊断标准[1]:①鲜红或苍白、肤色风团,时起时消,退后不留痕迹;②风团持续时间最长不超过24 h;③风团大小形状不一,可相互融合成片;④伴瘙痒,部分人群瘙痒剧烈甚至影响睡眠;⑤皮损发作≥2次/周,病情反复≥6周;⑥可伴有皮肤划痕实验阳性;⑦严重者可见呼吸困难。纳入标准:①符合上述CUS诊断标准[1];②不伴有其他免疫相关疾病;③患者年龄18~65岁;发病前无明确的诱发因素,④发病后患者以皮肤症状为主的病变,伴或不伴随有管性水肿;⑤就诊前2周内未服用过其他抗组胺等药物,1个月内未使用过糖皮质激素等药物;⑥获得患者和(或)其家属同意,患者自愿参加。
  排除标准:凡具有以下任意一项者均应排除:①对苯磺贝他斯汀片过敏者;②病程小于6周;③孕期、备孕及哺乳期妇女;④合并有其他基础疾病的患者,如严重心肝肾功能不全,代谢性疾病及自身免疫性疾病者等;⑤治疗期间服用其他同类药物控制病情的患者;⑥患有精神障礙类疾病不能配合的患者;⑦从事司机、高空等注意力高度集中的工作职业者;⑧有明确诱发因素。
  1.2 方法
  采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),CSU患者及健康体检者入院后收集空腹肘部静脉血样,常温静置凝集30 min,离心10 min后采集血清样本。存入-20℃冰箱内冰冻待用。实验步骤按照IL-35及IL-18酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒说明书操作。
  1.3 荨麻疹活动度积分观察
  采用荨麻疹活动度(Weekly urticaria activity score,UAS7)进行评分。每日UAS计算方法为:风团和瘙痒分别按照0~3级评分,两者相加得到UAS,总分0~6分(表1),UAS7为每周总积分,最高为42分,根据EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO指南[1]来评估CSU患者疾病的严重程度(通常为7 d),UAS7分为轻中重度,轻度:0~14分;中度:15~28分;重度:29~42分。
  1.4 统计学方法
  采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析。两组间计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验;用Spearman相关分析对慢性自发性荨麻疹患者临床症状积分与IL-18、IL-35外周血表达水平的相关性进行检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 CSU患者与健康对照组外周血中IL-18、IL-35表达水平比较
  CSU患者外周血中IL-18表达水平均显著高于健康对照组,IL-35表达水平显著低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表2。
  2.2 CSU患者IL-18、IL-35表达水平与临床症状、体征积分的相关性分析
  CSU患者外周血IL-18表达水平与临床症状、体征积分(UAS7)呈正相关(r=0.853,P=0.000<0.001)。见图1;CSU患者外周血IL-35的表达水平与临床症状、体征积分(UAS7)呈负相关(r=-0.746,P<0.001)。见图2。
  3 讨论
   慢性自发性荨麻疹是皮肤科常见的一种由多种因素引起的、易复发的变态反应性疾病,主要特点表现为无明显诱因自发出现皮肤、黏膜反复出现一过性(<24 h)瘙痒性风团疹和(或)血管性水肿,病程常持续超过6周[1]。因其病程较长、复发率高、易反复并伴有不同程度瘙痒,部分严重者不仅影响生活及睡眠,甚至使患者生活质量下降,因此加重患者的经济负担[2]。关于CSU的发病机制目前尚无明确定论,以往研究发现感染、氧化应激、代谢、内分泌、饮食、药物等均与荨麻疹发病有关[3-4]。而自身免疫因素在CSU发病中作用收到广泛认可[5]。近年来关于CUS的发生发展与免疫功能异常的研究成为热点,特别是细胞免疫失衡在CUS发病机制中的作用受到研究者们的关注和探索。而研究的重点为CD4+ T淋巴细胞及其相关炎症因子,其中以Th1/Th2细胞失衡及Treg/Th17细胞失衡为主。
  IL-18是一种Th1细胞相关的细胞因子,白介素-18(IL-18)是一种普遍的促炎细胞因子,广泛分布于体内,主要诱导Th1和天然杀伤细胞(NK)分泌干扰素(INF)-γ,调节感染和炎症的初始免疫反应[6]。IL-18与多种免疫性疾病的发病有密切关系,其功能取决于周围的细胞因子环境。然而,IL-18水平失衡会导致炎症和各种疾病。IL-18与各种炎症性皮肤病有关,包括银屑病、特应性皮炎、荨麻疹、药物过敏、移植物抗宿主病、皮肤红斑狼疮等[7],但其在慢性荨麻疹的血液循环中的作用存在争议。本研究显示,CUS患者外周血中IL-18的表达水平高于健康对照组,且与病情严重程度评分成正相关,这与Kurt等[8]研究结果一致。推测随着临床症状逐渐加重,IL-18的表达增加,导致机体免疫功能的异常。
  Treg细胞是具有负向调节作用的效应性T细胞,其在维持机体免疫稳态方面有作用显著,可促进IL-35及转化生长因子-β1(Transforming growthfactor-β1,TGF-β1)合成,起到调控细胞免疫耐受及炎症平衡作用[9]。IL-35是一种新型炎症因子,有强大的免疫抑制功能,受到医学界的广泛关注。其不仅将T细胞(Th1、Th17)细胞周期终止在G1期,也能促进Treg细胞增生,提高其免疫调节的功能,并能诱导天然调节性T细胞(Natural regulatory T cells,nTreg)进一步分化为诱导调节性T细胞(Induced regulatory T cells,iTreg),而iTreg细胞可产生IL-35进一步增强其免疫抑制效应[10-13]。有研究表明[14-15],在肿瘤等患者的机体内,IL-35的表达非常低,它能够对CD4+ T细胞产生IFN-1等细胞因子起到抑制作用,同时对效应性T细胞的增殖起到抑制作用,因此,可以说它在炎症性疾病等中发挥重要作用。研究表明,它参与CU发病过程,且病情越重,它的表达水平越低。IL-35作为血清中的一种保护因子,参与着人体的正常免疫过程,它的水平的下降,通常预示炎症的到来。本研究显示,CUS患者外周血中的IL-35表达水平较健康对照组有所下降,差异有统计学意义,且与疾病严重程度具有相关性。根据IL-35的特性,推测IL-35在CUS发病过程中可为一种保护性因子起一定的抗炎作用,维持着人体的免疫平衡。   目前国内外对于慢性自发性荨麻疹的发病机制尚不明确,Th1、Th2、Treg、Th17细胞之间的平衡及相关的炎症因子在CUS中的表达及作用也是近些年来众多研究者们关注的主要方向,这将有助于完善CUS的发病机制。本研究发现,慢性自发性荨麻疹患者外周血中IL-35表达水平低于健康对照组且与疾病严重程度评分呈负相关,而IL-18表达水平明显高于健康对照且与疾病严重程度评分呈正相关。
  综上所述,Treg细胞及Th1细胞相关细胞因子IL-35与IL-18可能参与CSU发生发展机,有助于研究CSU免疫机制与细胞因子间的作用关系,基于Th1/Th2、Th17/Treg细胞比例失衡参与CSU发病机制,可否设想IL-18水平增高与IL-35的细胞因子下降导致Th1/Treg细胞比例失调是否为CSU发病的另一重要因素;CSU患者血清中IL-18、IL-35水平或可为评判临床治疗效果提供依据和参考,但其相关具体作用机制及可靠性均仍需更多基础研究加以论证。
  
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  (收稿日期:2021-01-29)
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