肿瘤细胞通常表达其起源组织以及与其分化程度相应的标记物,这是肿瘤免疫组化诊断的基础,但肿瘤细胞的基因表达是复杂的,有时肿瘤细胞在转化过程中因抗原决定簇被遮盖、变性或丢失而不表达这些标记物或表达结构上不完全或有偏离的抗原决定簇,或出现不相称的基因表达,因而成为与起源组织无关的标记物。肿瘤细胞具有复杂的异质性分 Tumor cells usually express the tissues of their origin and the markers corresponding to their differentiation. This is the basis for the diagnosis of tumor immunohistochemistry. However, the gene expression of tumor cells is complex. Sometimes tumor cells are covered by antigenic determinants during transformation. Denaturation or loss of expression of these markers or expression of structurally incomplete or deviating epitopes, or the appearance of disproportionate gene expression, thus becomes a marker unrelated to the tissue of origin. Tumor cells have complex heterogeneity