奥巴马:“不务正业”的网络大V

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  President Obama has been called the “first socialmedia president.” It’s both a true and a misleading characterization. On the one hand, the Obama White House was indeed the first presidency to make use of services like Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram.1 But on the other hand, these services either didn’t exist or weren’t used by a broad public before Barack Obama took office in 2009. The White House brags that Obama was the first to tweet from @POTUS on Twitter, to go live on Facebook, to use a filter on Snapchat.2 But in truth, any president in office during the last eight years probably would have become the first social-media president.
  That doesn’t mean that any president would have been good at it, however. John F. Kennedy3 is widely considered the first television president, but he wasn’t the first one to appear on TV. Franklin Roosevelt was the first president to appear on television, and Truman was the first,4 in 1947, to make a televised presidential address. But it was Kennedy who mastered the medium, starting with his famous televised debate with Richard Nixon5 in 1960, and continuing with the televised news conferences and interviews that characterized his presidency.
  Like JFK was good at TV, Obama is good at social media. Before his presidency, Obama was already inseparable from his BlackBerry, and as a self-described “nerd” and “geek,”his interest in science and technology helped spur his administration to pursue and manage public communication and engagement with today’s digital services and tools.6
  But what if Obama was too good at social media? Maybe America didn’t need a social-media president, but a president whose technological savvy7 could apply to legislation and governance as much as public communication.
  Last October, the White House announced a “digital transition”—the process by which the Obama presidency would hand over the reins to its various social-media accounts, their followers kept intact, while also resetting and archiving their former contents in compliance with the Presidential Records Act.8 Normally, such preservation seals materials up in physical repositories, such as those maintained at the National Archives or the various presidential libraries.9 But the Obama White House hoped to “ensure these materials continue to be accessible on the platforms where they were created,” a savvy acknowledgement of the fact that a tweet or an Instagram post doesn’t make sense stripped from its context.   The White House also expressed its commitment to share its social-media content with the American people—both via accessible, downloadable archives, where possible, and also through tools and gadgets that might present the content in new and synthetic ways.10 In service of the latter goal, the White House invited the public to submit “creative ways to archive this content and make it both useful and available for years to come.”
  To sneer at the White House’s efforts in this regard is sure to make me seem like a spoilsport or a killjoy.11 But they also affirm the dark underbelly12 of the social media era. The compression of complex ideas into tweetable sound-bites.13 The victory of sentiment and affect over reason and fact on the Internet. The belief that large information archives can produce knowledge of the present, and of history, by exalting data correlation over all other methods of knowledge production. The tendency to privilege technological discourse over all other topics.
  For all the tweets and Facebook posts and YouTube videos and Pinterest pins and Snapchat snaps the Obama White House produced and disseminated, the main work it did was to further establish the unquestioned utility and righteousness of digital communications technology in the modern era.14 Citizens are dazzled and drawn to an image of Barack Obama staring into a smartphone because such images condone15 and affirm their own fixation with these technologies.
  As Obama leaves office, the digital tools he quietly celebrated have also hollowed out American life.16 Surveillance capitalism has made data extraction, aggregation, resale, and speculation the hidden engine of wealth and progress.17 The ability to create and widely disseminate information as credible and accurate, no matter its relationship to reality. The obsession with immediacy and attention over longevity and conviction. The consolidation18 of media and information, particularly local media, in the hands of a few large companies with limited commitment to civic good. While the first social media presidency was busy tweeting and Snapchatting, supposedly for public engagement, it did precious little to address the impacts of these and other effects of technology on the American public as matters of public policy.
  Ultimately, history will judge the 44th president, online and off. But instead of the “first social media presidency,” I wonder if Obama’s legacy won’t instead be that of the “cool dad presidency.” What people liked about Obama’s relationship to technology is that it was so much like their own. Obama was relatable and with-it.19 He clutched his smartphone as much as anyone. He could make a post go viral and deserve it. But maybe what America needed from 2009 to 2017 wasn’t a cool dad to tweet and stream alongside its citizens. Maybe it needed a guardian to watch and safeguard it against its own worst habits.
  奥巴马总统被称为“第一位社交媒体总统”。话说的没错,但难免带有误导性。一方面奥巴马政府的的确确是第一届积极运用推特、脸书、Snapchat和Instagram等社交媒体的政府。但从另一个角度看,奥巴马2009年上任前,上述社交媒体要么尚未诞生,要么尚未广泛渗透到人们的生活之中。如今白宫宣扬他所创造的若干个“第一”:他是第一位用@POTUS推特账号发推文、第一位在脸书上直播、第一位使用Snapchat滤镜功能的美国总统。但事实上,无论是谁在过去这八年里担任美国总统,都很可能会成为第一位社交媒体总统。
  然而,那并不是说任何一位美国总统都能玩转社交媒体。约翰·F. 肯尼迪被公认为“第一位电视总统”,但他并不是第一位出现在电视上的美国总统,富兰克林·罗斯福才是,而杜鲁门则是首位在1947年发表电视演说的总统。可是真正将这一媒体运用得炉火纯青的却是肯尼迪,从1960年他与理查德·尼克松对阵的那场著名的电视直播辩论起,直到后来电视播出的各种新闻发布会和采访,都成为了其任期的一大显著特征。
  就像肯尼迪善于利用电视媒体一样,奥巴马充分发挥了社交媒体的作用。早在当总统之前,奥马巴已经离不开他的黑莓手机了。这位自诩为“电脑迷”和“极客”的总统一直对科技有着极大的兴趣,这促使其政府使用当下的数字服务和工具与公众进行沟通与互动。
  但是,如果说奥巴马对社交媒体过分擅长了会怎样呢?也许美国并不需要什么社交媒体总统,不仅在大众传播上,而且还能在立法和行政上,展示出自己对科技的远见卓识,这或许才是符合美国需求的总统。
  去年10月,白宫公布了总统“数字交接”的文件——奥巴马政府移交出其管理的多个社交媒体平台账号,继续保留这些账号的关注者,同时依照《总统记录法案》重新安置和归档之前发布的所有内容。通常情况下,存档是将材料以物理封存的方式放入资料库中,就如那些保存在美国国家档案馆或各种各样的总统图书馆中的档案。但是,奥巴马政府则希望“(下届政府)能确保这些发布过的内容还能继续保留在其原先的社交媒体平台上”,其明智之处就在于:如果把推文或者Instagram帖从原本的语境里单拿出来,那它本身也就没有任何意义了。
  白宫还承诺要致力于与美国民众分享其社交媒体内容——在可能的情况下,通过网络数据库进行访问和下载,而且还可以对各种软件和小工具加以利用,争取以创新的方式完整呈现这些档案。为了实现后一个目标,白宫呼吁大家集思广益,提出“创造性的方式将这些内容进行归档,使人们未来也能够访问和利用这些档案。”
  嘲笑白宫的这番努力肯定会让我落下“令人扫兴”的骂名。但是,上述努力实际上助长了社交媒体时代的不良风气——复杂的思想被简化为适合发推文的寥寥数语;在网络上煽情和感性战胜理性和事实;视数据关联高于其他任何知识生产方式,认为大型的信息数据库能够帮助人们认识现在、了解历史;以及倾向于将科技对话看得比其他所有话题更重要。
  奥巴马政府在社交媒體平台发布和传播的所有内容——推文、脸书的帖子、YouTube的视频、Pinterest和Snapchat的照片,所有这些起到的主要作用无非是进一步印证了数字通信技术在现代社会中毋庸置疑的实用性与正当性。巴拉克·奥巴马沉迷于看手机的样子吸引着人们的眼球,令人为之倾倒,是因为这些照片让人们觉得自己对这些高科技的迷恋无需负疚,且可以被肯定。
  随着奥巴马的离任,这些他默默倡导的数字化工具也使美国人民的生活变得空虚。监控资本主义使数据的获取、聚合、转售和投机买卖成为创造财富和进步的“隐形”推动力。人们急于生产和散播可靠准确的信息,却无视信息与现实生活的相关性;执著于即时性和关注度,却不顾信息是否能经得住时间的考验,是否具有说服力;媒体,尤其是地方媒体与信息数据则被少数几个鲜有公益责任心的大公司牢牢掌控在手中。当我们的第一位社交媒体总统忙着借与民众互动的由头发推文和Snapchat照片时,对于这些现象以及科技给美国民众带来的影响和后果,他几乎无暇将其作为公共政策来对待。
  对于第44任美国总统,历史终会做出评判,无论线上还是线下。但我想,奥巴马后世留名或许应为“酷爸爸总统”,而非“第一位社交媒体总统”。奥巴马与科技的亲密与旁人无异,人们爱之也无可厚非。奥巴马时髦,跟得上潮流,拉近了自己与民众的距离。和大家一样,奥巴马也是资深低头族。他能发“爆帖”,而且实至名归。然而,2009年到2017年年间,美国需要的也许并不是一个会发推文、随大流的酷爸爸。也许美国需要的是一个捍卫者,能时时警惕和防范社会自身的陋习。
  1. White House: 白宫,美国总统官邸与主要办公场所。“白宫”还常常用来指代总统及其顾问和行政团队。因此,此处的“the Obama White House”是指奥巴马及其顾问和行政团队。此句中提到的推特、脸书、Snapchat(一款阅后即焚照片分享应用)和Instagram(一款照片分享应用)均是当下美国的主流社交媒体。
  2. brag: 自夸;@POTUS: 即@President of the United States,美国总统专属的推特账号;go live on Facebook: 脸书的直播功能,用户可以通过手机随时随地将周围发生的事情向他人直播;filter on Snapchat: Snapchat的滤镜功能,无需复杂操作就可以给照片或视频添加各种特效。
  3. John F. Kennedy: 约翰·F.肯尼迪(1917—1963,美国人通常以其姓名缩写JFK称呼他,如下文),1960年当选美国第35任总统,1963年11月22日在得州达拉斯市遇刺身亡,被视为美国民主自由派的代表。
  4. Franklin Roosevelt: 富兰克林·罗斯福(1882—1945),史称“小罗斯福”,第32任美国总统,美国历史上唯一连任超过两届(连任四届,病逝于第四届任期中)的总统,是美国20世纪30年代经济危机和第二次世界大战的中心人物之一;Truman: 杜鲁门(1884—1972),美国民主党政治家,接替罗斯福成为第33任美国总统。   5. Richard Nixon: 理查德·尼克松(1913—1994),美国政治家,曾于 1969年至1974年担任第37任美国总统,后因1974年的水门事件而成为美国历史上首位在任期内辞职的总统。
  6. nerd: 理工科学科的爱好者,尤指电脑迷(通常表示这种人很乏味);geek:极客,在互联网时代意指那些对计算机和网络技术有狂热兴趣并投入大量时间钻研的人;spur: 促进,激励。
  7. savvy: 实际知识,悟性,智慧。下文还有形容词用法,意为“有见识的,聪明的”。
  8. hand over the reins: 交出权力;intact: 完好无损的,不受损伤的;Presidential Records Act: 《总统记录法案》,由美国国会于1978年颁布,规定如何归档和保存所有的总统官方文件。
  9. seal up: 密封住;presidential library:总统图书馆,是集图书馆、档案馆和博物馆于一体的机构,既保存总统的档案文件,又收藏总统接受的赠品、个人物品、图书和艺术品等等,由美国国家档案馆管理和维护。
  10. gadget: 小装置,小玩意儿;synthetic:综合性的。
  11. sneer at: 嘲笑,讥讽;spoilsport, killjoy: 均指令人扫兴的人。
  12. underbelly: 薄弱部分,弱点。
  13. sound-bite: (广播或电视上发言的)简要片段,摘要播放。备注:一条推文的字数上限是140字。
  14. Pinterest: 一款图片分享软件,采用瀑布流的形式展现图片内容,用户把自己感兴趣的图片用图钉(pin)钉在钉板(PinBoard)上;disseminate: 传播,散布;righteousness: 正当。
  15. condone: 宽恕,原谅。
  16. celebrate: 颂扬,赞美;hollow out:挖空。
  17. surveillance capitalism: 监控资本主义,经济、商业和科技领域的一个新概念,指的是企业利用软件、电子产品或廣告等渠道获取尽可能多的用户数据,对用户行为实施监控和修正,并从中牟利;extraction:提取。
  18. consolidation: 巩固。
  19. relatable: relate的形容词形式,在这里指更加人性化,容易接
  近;with-it: 时髦的,新潮的。
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