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下面就数学教学中如何构建学生的认知结构,谈几点体会。一、运用迁移扩充认知进行某一知识教学时,应正确了解学生原有认知结构,抓住新旧知识本质意义上的联系,引导学生观察思考,分析对比准确地找到新知识的“生长点”以及新旧知识的“联结点”。充分运用迁移规律,促进新旧知识的同化,形成一个更为扩展的新的数学认知结构。例如,教学“异分母分数的加减法”时,必须了解学生是否掌握同分母分数的加减法的算理和算法,这是学习新知识的“生长点”;是否掌握了通分的方法,这是新旧知识的“联结点”。因此,教学重点就是使学生会用通分方法把异分母分数转化为同分母分数,其实质是将异分母分数加减法转化为同分母分数加减法来计算。这样学生利用了“同分母分数加减法、通分”等旧知识,学习了“异分母分数加减法”新知识,有利于学生认知的主动构建,扩充了认知。二、运用比较调整认知比较是一种用以确定客观事物的异同与联系的思维过程与逻辑方法。小学教学中的许多知识,既有联系又易混淆,只有通过比较,才能排除干扰,使易混的知识清晰分化,提高学生的思辨能力,调整了认知。
Here's how to build students' cognitive structure in mathematics teaching. First, the use of migration to expand knowledge of a certain knowledge of teaching, students should correctly understand the original cognitive structure, grasp the essence of old and new knowledge of the relationship between, and guide students to observe and analyze, compare and accurately find new knowledge “growth point ”And the“ juncture ”of old and new knowledge. Make full use of the law of migration to promote the assimilation of old and new knowledge to form a new extension of the new mathematical cognitive structure. For example, when teaching “addition and subtraction of different-denominator scores,” one must know whether or not a student masters the arithmetic and algorithm of addition and subtraction with denominator scores. This is a “growth point” for learning new knowledge; This is the “connection point” between old and new knowledge. Therefore, the focus of teaching is to enable students to use pass points method to different denominator scores into the same denominator score, its essence is the addition and subtraction of different denominator fractions into the same denominator fraction addition and subtraction to calculate. In this way, the students used the old knowledge of “adding and subtracting the same denominator, passing points” and learned new knowledge of “Addition and Subtraction of Different Alteration Fraction”, which is conducive to the initiative construction of students' cognition and expanded their cognition. Second, the use of comparative adjustment Cognitive comparisons is a kind of thinking process and logical method to determine the similarities and differences between objective things. Many of the primary school teaching knowledge are both connected and easily confused. Only through comparison can we eliminate the interference, make the mixed knowledge clearly differentiate, improve the students' ability of thinking and adjust the cognition.