对外贸实行国家垄断曾是苏联对外经济活动的基本模式。苏联时期,国家垄断的商品种类包罗万象。俄罗斯学者认为,苏联时期国家对外贸实行垄断的基本方向是正确的。但在具体的外贸政策方面,从赫鲁晓夫改革开始,就已经出现了一些严重的错误。一错误评价国家参与世界贸易的水平从亚当·斯密时代开始,经济学文献中的一种原理已经广为人知,即当所售出商品的国内成本比国外成本低,而所收购商品的国内成 The implementation of the state monopoly over foreign trade was the basic model of the foreign economic activity of the Soviet Union. Soviet Union, the types of goods monopolized by the state all-encompassing. Russian scholars believe that the basic direction in which the Soviet Union was monopolizing foreign trade was correct. However, in the specific foreign trade policy, some serious mistakes have already taken place since Khrushchov’s reform began. A Wrong Evaluation of the Level of State Participation in World Trade Starting from the Adam Smith era, a principle in the economics literature is well known that when domestic costs of goods sold are lower than those of foreign countries, and domestic purchases of goods