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高考英语考纲列出了考查单词和一定数量的习惯用法和固定搭配,而且规定生词量不超过3%,没有汉语注释的生词的增加是近几年高考的一个明显的特点,因此,根据上下文猜测词义可以在很大程度上考察出考生的逻辑推断能力。
推测词义不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的阅读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会顺藤摸瓜,通过构词定义对比因果联想上下文等线索确定词义。
阅读中的生词大致可分两类:一类是基本上不影响对文章理解的生词;另一类是对文章理解直接相关的生词。对于第一类生词,既使我们不知它的确切含义,仍可较为准确地理解原文,因此完全可以跳过去不予理会。阅读时,应切记的一点是:不要试图弄清文章中每一个词的确切含义,否则既影响速度,又影响理解。至于与文章理
解直接相关的生词,我们可以采用以下方法推测词义。
一、利用上下文来猜测词义,例如:
在有生词的文章中,有时可以根据上下文中某些关键单词或者短语,推断生词的含义。
To determine the consequence of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects throught a set of psychological and performances tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passageread to them only minutes earlier.“We found that if you are in sleep deficit,performance suffers.”says Dr. David.“short-term memory is weakened,as are ablitities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
Q:The word “subjects”in line 1 refers to ________.
A.the performance tests used in the study of sleepdeficit.
B.special branches of knowledge that are being studied.
C.people whose behavior or reactions are being studied.
D.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit.
本题中的subject是一个多义词,表示“题目,科目”等含义。但是这些用在这里都不合适。要确定含义关键要准确弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说,要确定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人员让subject通过一系列的能力和心理测验,要求将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听到过的文章。所以,这里subject应指人,是“正在被研究的对象”。
二、通过原文中提供的例子来理解词义
例如:suffxes:such as__ing、 __ed、 __s、__ful and __less,may cause spelling changes when added to words.
句中给出了“suffixes ”的几个例子:__ing、 __ed、 __s、__ful,这些都有是常见的单词后缀。通过这些例子,我们便可知道“suffixes”的意思是“后缀”。
三、运用对比法猜测词义
对比法常用的词或词组有:but,while,however,yet,otherwise,although,on the other hand,on the contrary,instead of 通过寻找文中相互对比,相互对照的线索来确定单词意义。如:
Many years ago,when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver,I was driving to my parent’s home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City,where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register,I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.
I took off,but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station.
Q:The words took off in the 4th line mean ________.
A.turned off B.moved off C.put off D.set up
通过句子but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car.I stopped 可知 but 后面所发生的事情是一个意外,而又停了下来说明词组意味着“发动,启动”,因此答案选D项。
2)Jack was thin while his wife was reallyobese.句中的“obese”通过while 与 thin对比得出意思为“胖”。
四、通过定义或同位语来理解词义
如:Most people want to know how things are made.They honestly admit,however,that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made.Where a composer begins,how he manages to keep going——in fact,how and when he learns his trade——all are covered in complete darkness.
Q:The words “covered in complete darkness”in line 2 most probably mean ?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇.
A.difficult to be made B.without any light
C.black in colorD.not known
根据划线部分后面的句子“The composer,in short,is a man of mystery.”可知有关作曲家的事是大多数人所不知道的,很神秘,所以选择D项。
(2)Acrophobia,or fear of height,can make lifedifficult for tight rope walker who suffer from it.
这个句子中“fear of height”是对“acrophobia”的解释是“恐高症”之意。
五、根据构词法猜测词义
有时,我们在阅读中会遇到一些似曾相识的词。这些词大多是由熟悉的单词派生或合成的。遇到这类词不必去查字典,我们可利用构词法知识推测其词义,掌握了这一技巧,就会在很大程度上减少生词的数量。
英语可以通过三种形式构成新词,即转换、派生、合成。
1.转换:一个单词或词组由某一种词类转化为另一种词类,叫转换。转换后的词义与转换前有密切的关系,例如:
1)The sick and wounded were to be taken good care of by the nurses.
2) These clothes are intended for the old .
以上两个句子中的划线部分是由形容词加定冠词转化而来的名词,表示一类的概念,指具有某种特点的一类人,不是指个别人。(1)句中的“the sick and wounded ”意为“伤病员”(2)句中的“the old ”意为“老年人”。
2.派生:在一个单词前或后加上一个词缀,变成一个新词,这种方法叫派生。词缀有前缀、后缀两种,通过加前后缀派生的新词,在意思上与原来的词相关。但前缀改变词义,例如:happy(高兴的)—unhappy(不高兴的)、like(喜欢的)—unlike(不喜欢的)、regular(规则的)—irregular(无规则的)。后缀改变词类,例如:kind(adj和蔼的)—kindness(n和蔼)、help(n)—helpful(adj),由名词转化为形容词或由形容词转化为名词。由此可见懂得前后缀的基本作用和意义,便于我们阅读的进行。中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有:
super-(超),inter-(在……之间),-able(能力),mini(极少的),micro-(极微小的),re-(再,反复),sub-(分支的,底下),co-(共同),post-(后),pre-(前),trans-(超越,转换),under-(之下,低于),-hood(状态,性质,时期),-ish(有些),-proof(防……,),-scope(景),-ship(身份,资格,权利,性质),-some(容易……),-wards(向),mis-(误,恶),un-(不),in-(不),im-(不),dis-(不),non-(不),-less(不),anti-(反,防),sino-(中国)。
如:We must safeguard the world peace. sageguard意思是“捍卫”。
3.合成:将两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫做合成。合成的词义也很容易从每个词原来的词义中推测出来。
例如:You can buy such things as toilet soap,toothbrushes and toothpaste.
句中的“toothbrush and toothpaste ”是合成词,分别由tooth(牙齿) brush(刷子);tooth(牙齿) paste(糊膏)构成;由此可猜出“toothbrush”为“牙刷”,“toothpaste”为“牙膏”之意。
六、通过标点猜测词义
标点符号和排版格式在文章中起着非常重要的作用,有时还能给我们提供一些推测词义的线索。如破折号起解释说明和补充的作用,冒号有时用来列举事物或详细解释,引号内的词语可能有特殊意义,斜体可能代表书名或刊物的名称等。
如:Through out the history of the arts,the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists.No matter what Objects they select,artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change ——to find poety where no one has ever or experienced it before.
Q:The word “objects” in the 2nd line means _________.
A.an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poems
C. an unusual qualityD. a natural scene
破折号前面的内容“No matter what Objects they select,artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change”可知艺术家力图创造一种从来没有人看到或者经历过的意境。既然是没有人看过或经历过那么应该是不寻常的东西,所以应该选C项。
总之,猜词义是提高英语阅读能力的一个主要途径,对多数人来说,它本身并不是一个目的。如果掌握了一定的猜词技巧,那么阅读能力也会有显著的提高,特别是中学生的英语成绩的提高更依赖于阅读能力的提高。
推测词义不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的阅读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会顺藤摸瓜,通过构词定义对比因果联想上下文等线索确定词义。
阅读中的生词大致可分两类:一类是基本上不影响对文章理解的生词;另一类是对文章理解直接相关的生词。对于第一类生词,既使我们不知它的确切含义,仍可较为准确地理解原文,因此完全可以跳过去不予理会。阅读时,应切记的一点是:不要试图弄清文章中每一个词的确切含义,否则既影响速度,又影响理解。至于与文章理
解直接相关的生词,我们可以采用以下方法推测词义。
一、利用上下文来猜测词义,例如:
在有生词的文章中,有时可以根据上下文中某些关键单词或者短语,推断生词的含义。
To determine the consequence of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects throught a set of psychological and performances tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passageread to them only minutes earlier.“We found that if you are in sleep deficit,performance suffers.”says Dr. David.“short-term memory is weakened,as are ablitities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
Q:The word “subjects”in line 1 refers to ________.
A.the performance tests used in the study of sleepdeficit.
B.special branches of knowledge that are being studied.
C.people whose behavior or reactions are being studied.
D.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit.
本题中的subject是一个多义词,表示“题目,科目”等含义。但是这些用在这里都不合适。要确定含义关键要准确弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说,要确定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人员让subject通过一系列的能力和心理测验,要求将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听到过的文章。所以,这里subject应指人,是“正在被研究的对象”。
二、通过原文中提供的例子来理解词义
例如:suffxes:such as__ing、 __ed、 __s、__ful and __less,may cause spelling changes when added to words.
句中给出了“suffixes ”的几个例子:__ing、 __ed、 __s、__ful,这些都有是常见的单词后缀。通过这些例子,我们便可知道“suffixes”的意思是“后缀”。
三、运用对比法猜测词义
对比法常用的词或词组有:but,while,however,yet,otherwise,although,on the other hand,on the contrary,instead of 通过寻找文中相互对比,相互对照的线索来确定单词意义。如:
Many years ago,when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver,I was driving to my parent’s home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City,where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register,I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.
I took off,but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station.
Q:The words took off in the 4th line mean ________.
A.turned off B.moved off C.put off D.set up
通过句子but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car.I stopped 可知 but 后面所发生的事情是一个意外,而又停了下来说明词组意味着“发动,启动”,因此答案选D项。
2)Jack was thin while his wife was reallyobese.句中的“obese”通过while 与 thin对比得出意思为“胖”。
四、通过定义或同位语来理解词义
如:Most people want to know how things are made.They honestly admit,however,that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made.Where a composer begins,how he manages to keep going——in fact,how and when he learns his trade——all are covered in complete darkness.
Q:The words “covered in complete darkness”in line 2 most probably mean ?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇.
A.difficult to be made B.without any light
C.black in colorD.not known
根据划线部分后面的句子“The composer,in short,is a man of mystery.”可知有关作曲家的事是大多数人所不知道的,很神秘,所以选择D项。
(2)Acrophobia,or fear of height,can make lifedifficult for tight rope walker who suffer from it.
这个句子中“fear of height”是对“acrophobia”的解释是“恐高症”之意。
五、根据构词法猜测词义
有时,我们在阅读中会遇到一些似曾相识的词。这些词大多是由熟悉的单词派生或合成的。遇到这类词不必去查字典,我们可利用构词法知识推测其词义,掌握了这一技巧,就会在很大程度上减少生词的数量。
英语可以通过三种形式构成新词,即转换、派生、合成。
1.转换:一个单词或词组由某一种词类转化为另一种词类,叫转换。转换后的词义与转换前有密切的关系,例如:
1)The sick and wounded were to be taken good care of by the nurses.
2) These clothes are intended for the old .
以上两个句子中的划线部分是由形容词加定冠词转化而来的名词,表示一类的概念,指具有某种特点的一类人,不是指个别人。(1)句中的“the sick and wounded ”意为“伤病员”(2)句中的“the old ”意为“老年人”。
2.派生:在一个单词前或后加上一个词缀,变成一个新词,这种方法叫派生。词缀有前缀、后缀两种,通过加前后缀派生的新词,在意思上与原来的词相关。但前缀改变词义,例如:happy(高兴的)—unhappy(不高兴的)、like(喜欢的)—unlike(不喜欢的)、regular(规则的)—irregular(无规则的)。后缀改变词类,例如:kind(adj和蔼的)—kindness(n和蔼)、help(n)—helpful(adj),由名词转化为形容词或由形容词转化为名词。由此可见懂得前后缀的基本作用和意义,便于我们阅读的进行。中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有:
super-(超),inter-(在……之间),-able(能力),mini(极少的),micro-(极微小的),re-(再,反复),sub-(分支的,底下),co-(共同),post-(后),pre-(前),trans-(超越,转换),under-(之下,低于),-hood(状态,性质,时期),-ish(有些),-proof(防……,),-scope(景),-ship(身份,资格,权利,性质),-some(容易……),-wards(向),mis-(误,恶),un-(不),in-(不),im-(不),dis-(不),non-(不),-less(不),anti-(反,防),sino-(中国)。
如:We must safeguard the world peace. sageguard意思是“捍卫”。
3.合成:将两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫做合成。合成的词义也很容易从每个词原来的词义中推测出来。
例如:You can buy such things as toilet soap,toothbrushes and toothpaste.
句中的“toothbrush and toothpaste ”是合成词,分别由tooth(牙齿) brush(刷子);tooth(牙齿) paste(糊膏)构成;由此可猜出“toothbrush”为“牙刷”,“toothpaste”为“牙膏”之意。
六、通过标点猜测词义
标点符号和排版格式在文章中起着非常重要的作用,有时还能给我们提供一些推测词义的线索。如破折号起解释说明和补充的作用,冒号有时用来列举事物或详细解释,引号内的词语可能有特殊意义,斜体可能代表书名或刊物的名称等。
如:Through out the history of the arts,the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists.No matter what Objects they select,artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change ——to find poety where no one has ever or experienced it before.
Q:The word “objects” in the 2nd line means _________.
A.an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poems
C. an unusual qualityD. a natural scene
破折号前面的内容“No matter what Objects they select,artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change”可知艺术家力图创造一种从来没有人看到或者经历过的意境。既然是没有人看过或经历过那么应该是不寻常的东西,所以应该选C项。
总之,猜词义是提高英语阅读能力的一个主要途径,对多数人来说,它本身并不是一个目的。如果掌握了一定的猜词技巧,那么阅读能力也会有显著的提高,特别是中学生的英语成绩的提高更依赖于阅读能力的提高。