马克思哲学相对于旧哲学来说有多重颠倒,但其中作为语言逻辑基础的主词和谓词的颠倒却一直受到忽视。马克思认为,黑格尔思辨哲学的做法好比从果实推出苹果、梨等,这实际上是把本为主词的苹果、梨等当成了谓词,即当成了一种派生的东西,而将本为谓词的果实当成了主词,即当成了一种原本的东西。有鉴于此,马克思力图将二者的关系颠倒过来。主谓关系问题本是一个从柏拉图、亚里士多德直到当今西方哲学的贯穿性主题,马克思的颠倒只是其中的一段故事。用亚里士多德的术语来说,苹果、梨是属,果实是种,它们都是第二实体,第一实体是个别事物,即某个特定的苹果或某个特定的梨。其中,属和种都既可作主词又可作谓词,只有个别事物才只能作主词而不能作谓词。以此为参照,马克思的颠倒只是属和种的颠倒,而非个别事物和属种之间的颠倒,也就是说,他并没有真正完成从用头立地到用脚立地的转变。 There are multiple reversals of Marxist philosophy in contrast to the old philosophy, but the inversion of the main words and predicates, which are the basis of linguistic logic, has always been neglected. According to Marx, Hegel’s philosophical thinking is like pushing apples, pears and so on from fruits, which is actually a predicate of the present apples, pears, etc., that is, as a derivative, and this is a predicate The fruit as the main word, that is, as a kind of original thing. In view of this, Marx tried to reverse the relationship between the two. The relationship between the subject and the subject is originally a platoon theme from Plato and Aristotle until today’s western philosophy. Marx’s inversion is only one of these stories. In Aristotle’s terminology, apples and pears are genus and fruits are species. They are all second entities. The first entity is an individual thing, a particular apple or a particular pear. Among them, genus and species are both predicate and predicate, and only individual things can only serve as predicate and can not be used as predicate. Using this as a reference, Marx’s reversal is only a reversal of genres and subspecies, rather than a reversal of individual things and genus. That is, he did not really accomplish the transformation from self-determination to position-building.