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美国国会1906年通过的《联邦食品与药品法》长期以来被认为是美国食品监管进程中的一个重要里程碑。然而,在此之前的19世纪,部分州议会就已针对食品掺假问题进行相关立法,国会也试图颁行全国性食品监管法律。某种程度上,19世纪美国州议会和国会的食品立法为1906年联邦法律的最终出台奠定了法理基础。两者具有内在连贯性,体现了美国食品监管的权力重心由地方转移至中央的“联邦化”趋势。此外,食品立法的艰难和曲折也凸显了美国公共政策制定过程中各方利益之间的激烈博弈。
The Federal Food and Drug Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1906, has long been considered a significant milestone in the U.S. food regulatory process. However, prior to the 19th century, some state legislatures had already enacted relevant legislation on the issue of adulteration of food and Congress also tried to enact a national food control law. To some extent, the food legislation of the 19th-century US state legislatures and parliaments laid the legal basis for the final introduction of federal law in 1906. Both are inherently coherent, reflecting the “federalization” trend of shifting the focus of power in food regulation in the United States from the central to the central. In addition, the difficult and tortuous food legislation also highlights the intense game between the interests of all parties in the process of making public policies in the United States.