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村民自治制度是当前农村治理的基本制度。相对来说,理论界和实践部门对村民自治制度的关注集中于自上而下的推行,忽视了因为村庄本身的不平衡所产生的村民自治实践状况的不平衡性。本文讨论了村集体经济状况对村民自治的决定性影响,讨论了村庄规模、村庄社会关联、村庄精英等构成村民自治基础的因素,讨论了村民自治实践差异的现实原因。认为在当前的村民自治研究乃至所有关于农村制度的研究中,不能局限于制度文本和总体状况的描述,而应考察自上而下的制度安排在不平衡乡土社会实践的过程与后果,同情地理解制度实践的现实,从而提高制度研究和农村研究的学术水平。
Villager autonomy is the basic system of rural governance. Relatively speaking, the theoretical and practical departments’ attention to the system of villager autonomy concentrated on the implementation from top to bottom, ignoring the imbalance in the practice of villager autonomy arising from the imbalance of the village itself. This article discusses the decisive influence of village collective economy on villager autonomy, discusses the factors such as village size, village social connection and village elite which form the basis of village autonomy, and discusses the realistic reasons for the difference in villager autonomy. It holds that current research on villager autonomy and even all rural systems should not be confined to descriptions of institutional texts and general conditions but should examine the process and consequences of top-down institutional arrangements in unbalanced local social practices. Understand the reality of institutional practice, so as to improve the academic level of institutional research and rural research.