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从布坎南、哈耶克和马斯格雷夫的相关论述中,可以整理出一个有关道德的分析框架,即道德的三个世界:小团体中的爱(个人私德)、市场关系中的规则(职业道德)、国家共同体中的责任意识(公共责任意识)。对公职人员的道德评价,也应运用这样的三层次结构,即个人私德、职业道德和公共责任意识。在成熟的现代国家,主要运用职业道德评判公职人员。但在转型期的中国,对公职人员的职业道德要求不断提高,但对个人私德与公共责任意识的要求仍然较高,这至少是对当前中国公职人员道德评价不高的部分原因。特别地,在转型期,出于对公职人员公共责任意识的期望,要求他们能够突破正式制度、积极创造市场机会,但却未能将他们创造市场的分利行为与破坏市场的寻租行为区分开,因而将所有的获利行为都视为腐败。这是理解当今中国大规模增长与大范围腐败并行这一看似矛盾现象的关键。褚时健的个人遭遇,可以作为理解上述分析的一个经典案例。
From Buchanan, Hayek, and Musgrave’s discourse, a framework for analysis of morality can be compiled, namely, the three worlds of morality: love (personal integrity) in small groups, Rules (professional ethics), sense of responsibility in the national community (sense of public responsibility). The moral evaluation of public officials should also apply such a three-level structure, that is, personal integrity, professional ethics and public awareness of responsibility. In mature modern countries, the main use of professional ethics to judge public officials. However, in transitional China, the demands on the professional ethics of public officials have been increasing. However, the demands for personal moral integrity and public responsibility are still high, at least partly because of the low moral evaluation of current public officials in China. In particular, in the period of transition, out of the expectation of the public responsibility consciousness of public officials, they are required to break through the formal system and actively create market opportunities. However, they fail to distinguish between the profit-making behaviors of creating markets and the rent-seeking activities that undermine the market Open, so that all the profits are regarded as corrupt. This is the key to understanding the seemingly contradictory phenomenon of today’s large-scale growth and widespread corruption in China. Chu Shijian’s personal experience can be used as a classic case to understand the above analysis.