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饮用水是人体暴露于有毒物质的重要暴露源,为了定量描述饮用水中污染物对暴露人群所造成的危害,世界各国的科学家们对饮用水的健康风险评价做了大量的研究.通常,健康风险评价需要污染物毒理学数据和暴露人群的暴露剂量数据.目前,针对很多的有毒污染物,国际上已经建立了应用于健康风险评价的毒理学数据库,同时积累了大量可用的有效数据.而对于暴露人群的暴露剂量数据,则是健康风险评价所要研究的重点.正确估计暴露人群的暴露剂量需要消费者提供大量的消费信息.例如,暴露人群每天消费的饮用水水量.美国环保局(EPA)认为成人每天消耗的饮用水水量为2L·d-1,此外,饮用水的消耗量会随着暴露人群的身体活动状况和所处环境状况(温度,湿度等)的改变而改变.目前,许多研究都是关于饮用水消费信息的,总体来讲这些研究结果基本上与美国环保局所采用的饮水消耗数据相一致.需要说明的是中国居民有完全不同于西方人的饮用水消费方式,如果在进行中国居民饮用水健康风险评价过程中应用美国环保局的假设会带来较大的不确定性.饮用水健康风险评价工作在我国开展并不多,尤其缺少中国居民饮用水消费习惯的数据库.这些客观条件使得在我国进行饮用水健康风险评价时只能从基础做起,积累有效的数据.本研究以北京和上海两座城市居民为研究对象,2002年到2004年分冬夏两季分别进行了4次饮用水消费习惯调查.研究采用随机入户方式(2004年至2005年),与中央电视台-索福瑞联合调查有限公司合作进行.参加调查的家庭从中央电视台入户收视率调查的基础数据库中随机抽取,在抽取过程中兼顾了不同城区、年龄结构、知识结构、收入水平等因素.研究表明,北京和上海居民冬夏两季的日均饮水量分别为2.2L·d-1、1.7L·d-1、2.0L·d-1和1.8L·d-1,这一结果和美国环保局的假设基本一致.同时本研究考察了性别、年龄、职业和季节对应用水消费习惯的影响.研究表明,日均饮水量随年龄的增加有增加的趋势,这一趋势在北京的夏季调查中趋势明显(p=0.01);男性的日均饮用水量大于女性,在上海冬季和夏季调查中均存在显著的差异(冬季:p=0.01;夏季:p=0.04);季节也同样影响被访者的日均饮水量,但是在4次调查中均未发现显著性差异.在北京冬季和夏季的调查中均发现了工作地点对饮用水消费习惯的显著影响(夏季p=0.01和冬季p=0.00).研究同样考察了居民饮用水消费类型,调查结果表明,煮沸后的自来水是中国居民最主要的日常饮品(上海夏季:58.3%;上海冬季67.9%;北京夏季:42.7%;北京冬季:60.0%).同时消费桶装纯净水的被访者也占有相当的比重(上海夏季:36.2%;上海冬季:24.7%;北京夏季:30.7%;北京冬季:60.0%).研究同时表明,在中国居民的日常生活中牛奶和豆奶已经成为重要的日常饮品.极少量的居民(北京夏季:10.7%;北京冬季5.7%;上海夏季1.2%;上海冬季0.6%)有直接饮用自来水的习惯.研究表明滞留水(在自来水水管中滞留6h以上的自来水)是对人体健康影响最大的水,而在我们的调查中,中国居民几乎不直接饮用滞留水.当前,饮用水健康风险评价在世界范围内蓬勃展开,但是这一技术在我国还处于起步阶段.本研究作为饮用水健康风险评价的前期工作,为其在中国的进一步发展提供了基础性的数据.
Drinking water is an important exposure source of human exposure to toxic substances, and in order to quantitatively describe the harm caused by contaminants in drinking water to exposed populations, scientists from all over the world have done a lot of research on the health risk assessment of drinking water. Risk assessment requires toxicological data on pollutants and exposure dose data for exposed populations.At present, many toxicological pollutants have been internationally established toxicological databases for health risk assessment, and accumulated a large number of valid data available. The exposure dose data for exposure groups are the focus of the health risk assessment study.Correctly estimating the exposure dose to an exposed population requires consumers to provide a large amount of consumption information, for example, the amount of potable water consumed by the exposed population.US EPA ) Think that the amount of drinking water consumed by adults in adults is 2L · d-1 per day, and the consumption of drinking water will change according to the physical activity status of the exposed people and the environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) Many studies have been on drinking water consumption information, and overall the results of these studies are generally collected with the US Environmental Protection Agency It is worth noting that Chinese residents have completely different consumption patterns of drinking water from Westerners. If the EPA is applied in the health risk assessment of drinking water for Chinese residents, it will lead to a larger Uncertainty.Drinking water health risk assessment work is not carried out in our country, especially the lack of Chinese residents drinking water consumption habits database.These objective conditions make drinking water health risk assessment in our country can only start from the foundation, accumulate effective .In this study, two urban residents in Beijing and Shanghai were selected as research objects, and four drinking water consumption habits surveys were conducted in winter and summer respectively from 2002 to 2004. The study used random access method (from 2004 to 2005) , Cooperated with CCTV-Suo Furui Joint Surveying Co., Ltd. The families participating in the survey were randomly selected from the basic database of the CCTV household audience rating survey, taking into account different urban areas, age structure, knowledge structure, income Level and other factors.The study shows that Beijing and Shanghai residents in winter and summer water consumption per day were 2.2L · d-1,1.7 L · d-1, 2.0L · d-1and1.8L · d-1, which are consistent with the assumptions of the EPA.At the same time, this study examined the impact of gender, age, occupation and season on water consumption habits The research shows that the average daily drinking water volume increases with the increase of the age, and the trend is obvious in the summer survey in Beijing (p = 0.01). The average daily drinking water quantity of the male is higher than that of the female in Shanghai winter and summer survey (Winter: p = 0.01; summer: p = 0.04). The season also affected the respondents’ average daily water consumption, but no significant difference was found in the four surveys.In the winter of Beijing and In the summer survey, significant influence of drinking water consumption habit was found at the working place (p = 0.01 in summer and p = 0.00 in winter) .The study also investigated the consumption type of drinking water for residents and the results showed that the tap water after boiling was Chinese residents The main daily drinks (Shanghai summer: 58.3%; Shanghai winter 67.9%; Beijing summer: 42.7%; Beijing winter: 60.0%) .At the same time consumers consume bottled purified water also accounted for a considerable proportion (Shanghai Summer: 36.2 %; Shanghai winter: 24.7%; Beijing summer: 30.7%; Beijing winter: 60.0%). The study also showed that milk and soy milk have become important daily drinks in the daily lives of Chinese residents, with very few residents (Beijing Summer 10.7%, Beijing Beijing 5.7%, Shanghai Shanghai 1.2% and Shanghai Shanghai 0.6%). The study shows that water retention (tap water remaining in tap water pipes for more than 6 hours) is the water that has the greatest impact on human health, whereas in our survey, Chinese residents have little or no direct drinking water. Currently, drinking water health risks Evaluation is flourishing in the world, but this technology is still in its infancy in our country.As a preliminary work on the health risk assessment of drinking water, this study provides the basic data for its further development in China.