论文部分内容阅读
在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点和难点，也是高考重点考察的对象。
非谓语动词是我长期以来的关注与研究，下面是我分析的近五年全国高考非谓语动词的考点分布从上例图表中不难看出，非谓语动词作状语是近五年来考试重点，是重中之重。我将06-10 年的高考题仔细分析对比，现将非谓语动词作状语命题角度总结归纳如下：
一．动词不定式
不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，常表示目的、结果、原因等。
1.命题角度之一：不定式作目的状语
提到目的，学生会常想到用for，for后常跟名词或代词表目的，后面如果跟动词的话应用动词不定式表目的。如：
For saving the child, he laid down his life.（×）
To save the child, he laid down his life.（√）
=In order to save the child, he laid down his life.
He laid down his life in order to /so as to / to save the child .
再看下面两道题：
_____ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.(01 北京春季)
A. To sleep B. Sleeping
C. Sleep D. Having slept
The secretary worked late into the night, _______ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. preparedD. was preparing
解析：答案是A和B，其中第二题A是干扰项，这是因为动词不定式作目的状语放在句首可以用“,”和主句隔开,但放在句末时不可以用“,”和主句隔开.
英语中可以用下列动词不定式作目的状语：
to do sth.
in order to do sth.
so as to do sth(不放在句首)
in a gesture to do sth.
in an effort to do sth.
2.命题角度之二：不定式作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常见句型
1）.only to do
A few days later, he came back only to find the troops had left.（不定式主动式表结果）
A few days later, he came back only to be told the troops had left.（不定式被动式表结果）
2).never to do
他出国了，结果没回来。
He went abroad never to return.
3). so +adj./adv. + as to
She was so foolish as to believe him.
She was such a fool as to believe him.
4)…enough to / too…to
She was foolish enough to believe him.
He is too young to have seen the bloody war.
3.命题角度之三：主语+be+形容词+to do
(2008全国I) I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good______ .
A. to be breathedB. to breathe
C. breathing D. Being breathed
解析：本题考查一个基本结构：主语+be+形容词+to do，该结构中，主语与to do之间存在动宾关系，但不用被动式.因此答案是B而不是A.
知识拓展：
He is easy to get along with. (get along with him)
The flower is nice to look at.(look at the flower)
再看下一道题：
---See you later,Mr Black. Pleased _______.
---Me too. See you later.
A. to meet you B. to have meet you
C.meeting youD. having met you
You were silly not ____ your car.
A. to lockB. to have locked
C. locking C. having locked
解析：答案是B和B,动词不定式在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语表示原因，用完成时表示已发生的动作。
二．分词：
分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。分词在句中可以作不同的状语。如：
Seeing their teacher, the students stood up. (时间状语)
Looking so alike ,Lucy and Lily are often mistaken for twins.（原因状语）
Turning to the left, you will find a path leading to the village.（条件状语）
Feeling very tired, they kept running.（让步状语）
The scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.（结果状语）
The boy came running along the street.(伴随或方式状语)
4. 命题角度之四：现在分词or过去分词
现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别
-ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。如：
(福建 2009) ____ not to miss the flight at 15：20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
C.Being defeated D.Having defeated
关键： 看主句前是否有连词。若有连词，则前为一个完整的句子；若无连词，遵循分词的规则。
There being no time left, so we have to hurry.
=①There being no time left, we have to hurry.
②There is no time left, so we have to hurry.
③ As there is no time left, we have to hurry.
5.独立成分作状语
Judging from what she wears, she must be a rich lady.
To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me.
Generally speaking … 一般说来
Frankly speaking … 坦白地说
Judging from … 根据……来判断
Considering … 考虑到……鉴于.......
To tell you the truth … 说实话
非谓语动词作状语总结：
1.能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词，作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。
2.分词作状语时，
1）其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致
-ing做状语时和逻辑主语是主动关系;-ed做状语时和逻辑主语是被动关系
2）注意判断与谓语动词的时间先后关系。如非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则应使用非谓语动词的完成式。
3.）现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果。
可以通过大量的训练使学生对非谓语动词有更深刻的了解。如
改写句子：
1.Because he was moved by her words, he decided to help the poor boy.
Moved by her words, he decided to help the poor boy.
过去分词短语作原因状语
2.If I am given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
Given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
过去分词短语作条件状语
3.Although they had been defeated many times， they continued to fight.
Defeated many times, they continued to fight.
=Although defeated many times, they continued to fight.
过去分词短语作让步状语，为使状语含义更加明确，有时在过去分词前可加上适当连词
巩固练习：
1._____ in thought completely, he didn’t even know what was going on.
A. Losing B. Lost
C. Having lost D. Having been lost
2.______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. DrivenB. Being driven
C．To drive D. Having driven
3. When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back.
A. flooding B. to floodC. flood. D. flooded
4. The children all turned_____the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at B. to look at
C. to looking at D. look at
5. ___ to go out alone, the retired minister had to go for a walk with several policemen following him. (09盐城一模)
A. Warning B. Not warning
C. Warned notD. Not warned
6. A terrible earthquake struck Sichun Province on May 12, ___ tens of thousands of lives. (09常州调研)
A. claiming B. claimed
C. to have claimed D. to claim
7. _____his exercise books, he was scolded by the teacher.
A. Not having handed inB. Handing not in
C. Having not handed inD. Not handing in
8. _____in such a hurry, his composition has many mistakes.
A. Having written B. Writing
C. As writing D. Having been written
9. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000college graduates this year as short term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year____reduce unemployment pressures.
A. helpB. to have helped
C. to helpD. having helped
10 The glasses door have taken the places of the wooden door at the entrance, ___in the natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. letD. having let
答案：
1. B2.A3.A4.B5.C6.A7.A8.D9.C10.B
非谓语动词是我长期以来的关注与研究，下面是我分析的近五年全国高考非谓语动词的考点分布从上例图表中不难看出，非谓语动词作状语是近五年来考试重点，是重中之重。我将06-10 年的高考题仔细分析对比，现将非谓语动词作状语命题角度总结归纳如下：
一．动词不定式
不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，常表示目的、结果、原因等。
1.命题角度之一：不定式作目的状语
提到目的，学生会常想到用for，for后常跟名词或代词表目的，后面如果跟动词的话应用动词不定式表目的。如：
For saving the child, he laid down his life.（×）
To save the child, he laid down his life.（√）
=In order to save the child, he laid down his life.
He laid down his life in order to /so as to / to save the child .
再看下面两道题：
_____ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.(01 北京春季)
A. To sleep B. Sleeping
C. Sleep D. Having slept
The secretary worked late into the night, _______ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. preparedD. was preparing
解析：答案是A和B，其中第二题A是干扰项，这是因为动词不定式作目的状语放在句首可以用“,”和主句隔开,但放在句末时不可以用“,”和主句隔开.
英语中可以用下列动词不定式作目的状语：
to do sth.
in order to do sth.
so as to do sth(不放在句首)
in a gesture to do sth.
in an effort to do sth.
2.命题角度之二：不定式作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常见句型
1）.only to do
A few days later, he came back only to find the troops had left.（不定式主动式表结果）
A few days later, he came back only to be told the troops had left.（不定式被动式表结果）
2).never to do
他出国了，结果没回来。
He went abroad never to return.
3). so +adj./adv. + as to
She was so foolish as to believe him.
She was such a fool as to believe him.
4)…enough to / too…to
She was foolish enough to believe him.
He is too young to have seen the bloody war.
3.命题角度之三：主语+be+形容词+to do
(2008全国I) I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good______ .
A. to be breathedB. to breathe
C. breathing D. Being breathed
解析：本题考查一个基本结构：主语+be+形容词+to do，该结构中，主语与to do之间存在动宾关系，但不用被动式.因此答案是B而不是A.
知识拓展：
He is easy to get along with. (get along with him)
The flower is nice to look at.(look at the flower)
再看下一道题：
---See you later,Mr Black. Pleased _______.
---Me too. See you later.
A. to meet you B. to have meet you
C.meeting youD. having met you
You were silly not ____ your car.
A. to lockB. to have locked
C. locking C. having locked
解析：答案是B和B,动词不定式在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语表示原因，用完成时表示已发生的动作。
二．分词：
分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。分词在句中可以作不同的状语。如：
Seeing their teacher, the students stood up. (时间状语)
Looking so alike ,Lucy and Lily are often mistaken for twins.（原因状语）
Turning to the left, you will find a path leading to the village.（条件状语）
Feeling very tired, they kept running.（让步状语）
The scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.（结果状语）
The boy came running along the street.(伴随或方式状语)
4. 命题角度之四：现在分词or过去分词
现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别
-ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。如：
(福建 2009) ____ not to miss the flight at 15：20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
C.Being defeated D.Having defeated
关键： 看主句前是否有连词。若有连词，则前为一个完整的句子；若无连词，遵循分词的规则。
There being no time left, so we have to hurry.
=①There being no time left, we have to hurry.
②There is no time left, so we have to hurry.
③ As there is no time left, we have to hurry.
5.独立成分作状语
Judging from what she wears, she must be a rich lady.
To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me.
Generally speaking … 一般说来
Frankly speaking … 坦白地说
Judging from … 根据……来判断
Considering … 考虑到……鉴于.......
To tell you the truth … 说实话
非谓语动词作状语总结：
1.能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词，作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。
2.分词作状语时，
1）其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致
-ing做状语时和逻辑主语是主动关系;-ed做状语时和逻辑主语是被动关系
2）注意判断与谓语动词的时间先后关系。如非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则应使用非谓语动词的完成式。
3.）现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果。
可以通过大量的训练使学生对非谓语动词有更深刻的了解。如
改写句子：
1.Because he was moved by her words, he decided to help the poor boy.
Moved by her words, he decided to help the poor boy.
过去分词短语作原因状语
2.If I am given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
Given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
过去分词短语作条件状语
3.Although they had been defeated many times， they continued to fight.
Defeated many times, they continued to fight.
=Although defeated many times, they continued to fight.
过去分词短语作让步状语，为使状语含义更加明确，有时在过去分词前可加上适当连词
巩固练习：
1._____ in thought completely, he didn’t even know what was going on.
A. Losing B. Lost
C. Having lost D. Having been lost
2.______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. DrivenB. Being driven
C．To drive D. Having driven
3. When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back.
A. flooding B. to floodC. flood. D. flooded
4. The children all turned_____the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at B. to look at
C. to looking at D. look at
5. ___ to go out alone, the retired minister had to go for a walk with several policemen following him. (09盐城一模)
A. Warning B. Not warning
C. Warned notD. Not warned
6. A terrible earthquake struck Sichun Province on May 12, ___ tens of thousands of lives. (09常州调研)
A. claiming B. claimed
C. to have claimed D. to claim
7. _____his exercise books, he was scolded by the teacher.
A. Not having handed inB. Handing not in
C. Having not handed inD. Not handing in
8. _____in such a hurry, his composition has many mistakes.
A. Having written B. Writing
C. As writing D. Having been written
9. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000college graduates this year as short term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year____reduce unemployment pressures.
A. helpB. to have helped
C. to helpD. having helped
10 The glasses door have taken the places of the wooden door at the entrance, ___in the natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. letD. having let
答案：
1. B2.A3.A4.B5.C6.A7.A8.D9.C10.B