五四青年的救国并非源于士大夫的朝堂意识,而是属于全民国家意识。现代国家意识及民权意识的普遍化和实体化,才是五四启蒙的最终目的,是新青年的“爱国主义”不同于传统“兴亡有责”的关键所在。现代爱国主义不为儒家传统德目所涵。虽在理论上双方或可有所调和,但在特定历史情境下,儒家制度与文化的某些特征(君权、父权、夫权、绅权、宗族制度,等等),以及某些尊孔的政治势力(例如旧官僚及地主阶级的政治集团),和五四一代 The national salvation of May Fourth youth did not come from the consciousness of the court-official in charge of the court, but belongs to the national consciousness of the entire people. The universalization and substantiveness of modern national consciousness and civil rights awareness are the ultimate goals of the May Fourth enlightenment and the key to the new youth's “patriotism,” which is different from the traditional one. Modern patriotism is not covered by Confucian traditions. Although in theory there may be reconciliation between the two sides, certain characteristics of the Confucian system and culture (the monarchical power, the patriarchal power, the husband's power, the gentry power, the clan system, etc.) Political forces (such as the old bureaucrats and landlord class political blocs), and the May Fourth generation