论文部分内容阅读
一、篇章结构
篇章结构，是构成文章的框架，是作者对写作材料进行恰当和有序的组织和安排，也是作者思想或观点的展现。因此，把握文章的篇章结构和脉络，理解文章各段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作意图和方法，将有益于我们对文章的理解和提高阅读与写作的成效。因此，在各例考卷中也常见到此类题型。
如何更有效构建和分析文章的篇章结构
1. 了解不同文体，把握写作意图和技巧
众所周知，文章的篇章结构受到不同文体的制约。文体不同，作者构建篇章结构的方法也不尽相同。构建和分析篇章段落的结构，应注意不同文体在篇章结构上的不同特点，以及同一文体在结构上的变化。
议论文是作者对某个问题或某个事情进行分析，评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张。此类文章通常采取从某一现象入手，通过分析，得出结论或从某一现象或结论入手，通过分析来验证某一结论（有人也称之为“总——分——总”结构）。
说明文体裁的文章是作者意图客观地说明某一事物。通常采用描述，继而解释或讨论的写作方法，作者通过给某物下定义、举例、作比较、打比方、列举数字等一系列方法和手段来突出事物的主要品性或内容或主要问题来说明某一事物的作用或效果。 说明文有以下常见的结构形式：①并列式（指上下段落间）；②连贯式（按时间、空间顺序）；③递进式（按逻辑顺序）等；
记叙文是作者试图通过人物、事件等记人叙事，传达人生的哲理和感悟。把握语篇中的人物、时间、地点、发生的事情、结果，便能较好地感悟作者的意图。记叙文的结构层次通常是：① 按故事发生的时间先后顺序安排；② 按事情发展的过程或思想感情的变化而顺序或倒叙。
因此，了解和掌握并能分辨不同文体，把握作者的写作意图和技巧，将会极大地有助于我们对阅读文章的理解和写作能力的提高。
2. 注重首段及首句，点明主题
首段，又为起始段，我们通常写作时说写文章要 “开门见山”，要点题。首段要有主题陈述，以引起读者的关注和阅读兴趣，初步了解作者的写作意图和目的。英语的文章一般都很注重使用主题段和主题句 （topic sentence），若干支撑句 （supporting sentences），必要时还有一个结论句 （concluding sentence）。它们相互间应能有机地连接和呼应。
确定和写好主题段和主题句
主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想。而主题句表达的是段落的中心思想，是段落展开的核心，是为整篇文章的中心服务的，主题句的质量将直接关系到该段落的写作质量。
主题句通常是段落的第一句，表述该段落的主要思想。主题句通常应简单明了，使读者易于理解其意。而且，主题突出的主题句也能使读者一目了然，有利于读者预测和阅读下文的内容。主题句限定了该段落的内容，这样，读者或作者在搜集、筛选与主题相关的事实、例证时才能够较容易地把握住方向。倘若段落的主题句过于笼统或模糊，就无法成为整个段落发展的路标，就难以合理地组织相关材料来进一步描述，阐述主题，甚至会使整个段落乃至整篇文章的结构松散或逻辑不清。
根据文章写作手法不同的需要，主题句除了置于段落的开头外，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾，通常是根据行文的需要。
3. 注重建构好主体段——有力支撑
主体段是文章的主体。尽管主题句十分重要，但它不能缺少支撑句的支持。支撑句常位于主题句后，并对主题句所陈述的思想观点或内容加以展开陈述，提出各种细节或证据来支持主题句。这样 “有理有据” 的陈述才能感染和说服读者，才能达到写作的根本目的。
在主题句确定后，就要开始选择和组织与主题有关的信息和素材。文章要有层次。一篇文章都是由若干段构成，而每一段都有一个中心内容。首句（尾句）往往与本段的内容密切相关。因此往往将每段的首句（尾句）内容串联起来，能够迅速把握全篇主要内容。
4. 注重收尾结论段——概括全文
结论段是最终的主题称述，是全文的归纳和概括。结论句往往是用来强调、重申主题或归纳、总结段落大意。
文章的每个层次段落的最后一句有时会简要地归纳段落大意或重申段落主题，以引出下一段落的大意，求得段落结构的整体性，做到前后呼应。
写结论句时，要特别注意以下两点：
（1） 切忌涉及与该段主题无关话题；否则给读者以不着边际及毫无结论之感觉。
（2） 语言要精练，忌繁杂冗长，否则将直接影响读者的阅读兴趣或让读者有不知所云之感。
篇章结构的梳理和建构方法可以是灵活多样的，这需要我们在阅读和写作的实践中不断地探索和总结。
二、英语语言文体
语言是文化的载体，文化则以语言为依托。任何语言都扎根于特定的文化語言环境中，代表了其源远流长又独特的文化表达方式。了解中西方文化的差异，了解具体的文章背景和语言风格较为重要和必要。英语有很多不同的文体，应使用何种英语文体取决于具体情境，根据语境的不同，又有口语和书面语之分。英语的口语形式与书面语形式的不同，最重要的区别是有正式文体和非正式文体的区别。
正式文体的书面语有散文、报告和申请信函；非正式文体的书面语有给朋友或家人的信、电子邮件。正式文体的口语有正式的演说和对陌生人说话；而非正式文体的口语是与熟悉的人 （家人和朋友） 交谈。正式文体主要用于较重要的场合和较严肃的主题。而非正式文体较适合于商议性、随意性、亲密性的主题。从语法上看，正式文体中，经常使用复杂或较为复杂的句子结构，包括被动语态和各种主从复合句。我们还会发现会有较多的抽象名词，这些词的目的是为了表达的更准确语言更生动。在非正式文体中，我们常常使用简单句结构或甚至于更为简单的短语或词汇，并常使用主动语态。我们也会见到口语体和缩略形式等，使用这些词的目的是为了语言的更简洁，使人更易明白。 因此，了解和掌握不同的英語语言文体，使我们能在不同的场合和环境中使用比较得体和地道的语言非常重要。
【沙场练兵】 阅读下面的短文，完成短文后的篇章结构题。
A
Nothing says love like a dozen longstemmed roses on Valentines Day. More than a million roses will be sold during this festival for lovers， the biggest day of the year for the nations rose industry. Its going to remain the most popular flower because love never goes out of style.
Yes， a rose is a rose. But selling them is no longer a beautiful experience for traditional flower shops. Supermarkets now offer convenience to the busy and discount rose shops help those hopelessly in love save money. Roses Only is a good example of a discount rose retailer that was transformed from a traditional shop to answer the challenge in the 90s.
Inside this store on Sixth Avenue near 40th Street， contemporary white furniture and walltowall mirrors give it an expensive look. Customers move about freely among the counters， looking eagerly at the roses in more than 50 colors from shelf to shelf. Some customers say its the high quality of the roses that attracts them there. “ I spent $20 but the flowers looked like I paid 60 or 70 dollars，” says one customer.
Studies show more people are buying roses in ones， twos and threes these days. In fact， more than half of all roses are sold in bunches of fewer than a dozen. But Roses Onlys low prices encourage people to spend. Even on Valentines Day， when the price of a dozen roses and delivery can soar as high as $150， 12 of Roses Onlys most expensive flowers sell for just $35. The companys key to success is to hold prices down by controlling every link in the rose chain. It grows its own roses in the sunshine of the Andes Mountain. In addition， the company also sells other items such as balloons and stuffed animals.
While discount rose retailers are witnessing their business bloom. U.S. rose growers arent able to compete with the fierce foreign competition. More than 57% of roses sold in the USA are grown in other countries. The biggest foreign producers are Colombia and Ecuador， which accounted for almost 90% of the total imported last year. The trend has hurt domestic rose growers such as Johnson Flowers of California， considered to be this countrys leading producer.
Now， instead of fighting overseas rivals， the Johnsons are trying to work with them. “We have a few big distribution centers where we sell some imported roses，” Johnson says. “We may also widen our business to include the service area and be a representative for overseas flower producers.” As a result of severe competition， those in the rose business long for the good old days， whereas ordinary people benefit for the low price.
Q： Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？ （① to ⑦ represent Paragraphs 1 to 7）.
B
You can love them or hate them， but no matter which tourist destination you visit， chances are youll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook.
Lonely Planet is one of the worlds largest travel guide brands， publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows， websites and podcasts （播客） all devoted to travel.
Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you dont miss the best things.
They also provide the reviews of hostels （旅店）， hotels， restaurants and ticket information about your destination.
This can be great if youre a nervous traveler， or if you havent traveled by yourself before. If youre in a country where you dont speak the language， sometimes theres nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel thats cheap and clean， with friendly staff and cold beer.
But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity （自發性） out of traveling， and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook， youll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over， because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route.
Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example， some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle， wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar.
Q： Which of the following best shows the structure of the text？ （① to ⑦ stand for Paragraphs 1 to 7）
篇章结构，是构成文章的框架，是作者对写作材料进行恰当和有序的组织和安排，也是作者思想或观点的展现。因此，把握文章的篇章结构和脉络，理解文章各段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作意图和方法，将有益于我们对文章的理解和提高阅读与写作的成效。因此，在各例考卷中也常见到此类题型。
如何更有效构建和分析文章的篇章结构
1. 了解不同文体，把握写作意图和技巧
众所周知，文章的篇章结构受到不同文体的制约。文体不同，作者构建篇章结构的方法也不尽相同。构建和分析篇章段落的结构，应注意不同文体在篇章结构上的不同特点，以及同一文体在结构上的变化。
议论文是作者对某个问题或某个事情进行分析，评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张。此类文章通常采取从某一现象入手，通过分析，得出结论或从某一现象或结论入手，通过分析来验证某一结论（有人也称之为“总——分——总”结构）。
说明文体裁的文章是作者意图客观地说明某一事物。通常采用描述，继而解释或讨论的写作方法，作者通过给某物下定义、举例、作比较、打比方、列举数字等一系列方法和手段来突出事物的主要品性或内容或主要问题来说明某一事物的作用或效果。 说明文有以下常见的结构形式：①并列式（指上下段落间）；②连贯式（按时间、空间顺序）；③递进式（按逻辑顺序）等；
记叙文是作者试图通过人物、事件等记人叙事，传达人生的哲理和感悟。把握语篇中的人物、时间、地点、发生的事情、结果，便能较好地感悟作者的意图。记叙文的结构层次通常是：① 按故事发生的时间先后顺序安排；② 按事情发展的过程或思想感情的变化而顺序或倒叙。
因此，了解和掌握并能分辨不同文体，把握作者的写作意图和技巧，将会极大地有助于我们对阅读文章的理解和写作能力的提高。
2. 注重首段及首句，点明主题
首段，又为起始段，我们通常写作时说写文章要 “开门见山”，要点题。首段要有主题陈述，以引起读者的关注和阅读兴趣，初步了解作者的写作意图和目的。英语的文章一般都很注重使用主题段和主题句 （topic sentence），若干支撑句 （supporting sentences），必要时还有一个结论句 （concluding sentence）。它们相互间应能有机地连接和呼应。
确定和写好主题段和主题句
主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想。而主题句表达的是段落的中心思想，是段落展开的核心，是为整篇文章的中心服务的，主题句的质量将直接关系到该段落的写作质量。
主题句通常是段落的第一句，表述该段落的主要思想。主题句通常应简单明了，使读者易于理解其意。而且，主题突出的主题句也能使读者一目了然，有利于读者预测和阅读下文的内容。主题句限定了该段落的内容，这样，读者或作者在搜集、筛选与主题相关的事实、例证时才能够较容易地把握住方向。倘若段落的主题句过于笼统或模糊，就无法成为整个段落发展的路标，就难以合理地组织相关材料来进一步描述，阐述主题，甚至会使整个段落乃至整篇文章的结构松散或逻辑不清。
根据文章写作手法不同的需要，主题句除了置于段落的开头外，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾，通常是根据行文的需要。
3. 注重建构好主体段——有力支撑
主体段是文章的主体。尽管主题句十分重要，但它不能缺少支撑句的支持。支撑句常位于主题句后，并对主题句所陈述的思想观点或内容加以展开陈述，提出各种细节或证据来支持主题句。这样 “有理有据” 的陈述才能感染和说服读者，才能达到写作的根本目的。
在主题句确定后，就要开始选择和组织与主题有关的信息和素材。文章要有层次。一篇文章都是由若干段构成，而每一段都有一个中心内容。首句（尾句）往往与本段的内容密切相关。因此往往将每段的首句（尾句）内容串联起来，能够迅速把握全篇主要内容。
4. 注重收尾结论段——概括全文
结论段是最终的主题称述，是全文的归纳和概括。结论句往往是用来强调、重申主题或归纳、总结段落大意。
文章的每个层次段落的最后一句有时会简要地归纳段落大意或重申段落主题，以引出下一段落的大意，求得段落结构的整体性，做到前后呼应。
写结论句时，要特别注意以下两点：
（1） 切忌涉及与该段主题无关话题；否则给读者以不着边际及毫无结论之感觉。
（2） 语言要精练，忌繁杂冗长，否则将直接影响读者的阅读兴趣或让读者有不知所云之感。
篇章结构的梳理和建构方法可以是灵活多样的，这需要我们在阅读和写作的实践中不断地探索和总结。
二、英语语言文体
语言是文化的载体，文化则以语言为依托。任何语言都扎根于特定的文化語言环境中，代表了其源远流长又独特的文化表达方式。了解中西方文化的差异，了解具体的文章背景和语言风格较为重要和必要。英语有很多不同的文体，应使用何种英语文体取决于具体情境，根据语境的不同，又有口语和书面语之分。英语的口语形式与书面语形式的不同，最重要的区别是有正式文体和非正式文体的区别。
正式文体的书面语有散文、报告和申请信函；非正式文体的书面语有给朋友或家人的信、电子邮件。正式文体的口语有正式的演说和对陌生人说话；而非正式文体的口语是与熟悉的人 （家人和朋友） 交谈。正式文体主要用于较重要的场合和较严肃的主题。而非正式文体较适合于商议性、随意性、亲密性的主题。从语法上看，正式文体中，经常使用复杂或较为复杂的句子结构，包括被动语态和各种主从复合句。我们还会发现会有较多的抽象名词，这些词的目的是为了表达的更准确语言更生动。在非正式文体中，我们常常使用简单句结构或甚至于更为简单的短语或词汇，并常使用主动语态。我们也会见到口语体和缩略形式等，使用这些词的目的是为了语言的更简洁，使人更易明白。 因此，了解和掌握不同的英語语言文体，使我们能在不同的场合和环境中使用比较得体和地道的语言非常重要。
【沙场练兵】 阅读下面的短文，完成短文后的篇章结构题。
A
Nothing says love like a dozen longstemmed roses on Valentines Day. More than a million roses will be sold during this festival for lovers， the biggest day of the year for the nations rose industry. Its going to remain the most popular flower because love never goes out of style.
Yes， a rose is a rose. But selling them is no longer a beautiful experience for traditional flower shops. Supermarkets now offer convenience to the busy and discount rose shops help those hopelessly in love save money. Roses Only is a good example of a discount rose retailer that was transformed from a traditional shop to answer the challenge in the 90s.
Inside this store on Sixth Avenue near 40th Street， contemporary white furniture and walltowall mirrors give it an expensive look. Customers move about freely among the counters， looking eagerly at the roses in more than 50 colors from shelf to shelf. Some customers say its the high quality of the roses that attracts them there. “ I spent $20 but the flowers looked like I paid 60 or 70 dollars，” says one customer.
Studies show more people are buying roses in ones， twos and threes these days. In fact， more than half of all roses are sold in bunches of fewer than a dozen. But Roses Onlys low prices encourage people to spend. Even on Valentines Day， when the price of a dozen roses and delivery can soar as high as $150， 12 of Roses Onlys most expensive flowers sell for just $35. The companys key to success is to hold prices down by controlling every link in the rose chain. It grows its own roses in the sunshine of the Andes Mountain. In addition， the company also sells other items such as balloons and stuffed animals.
While discount rose retailers are witnessing their business bloom. U.S. rose growers arent able to compete with the fierce foreign competition. More than 57% of roses sold in the USA are grown in other countries. The biggest foreign producers are Colombia and Ecuador， which accounted for almost 90% of the total imported last year. The trend has hurt domestic rose growers such as Johnson Flowers of California， considered to be this countrys leading producer.
Now， instead of fighting overseas rivals， the Johnsons are trying to work with them. “We have a few big distribution centers where we sell some imported roses，” Johnson says. “We may also widen our business to include the service area and be a representative for overseas flower producers.” As a result of severe competition， those in the rose business long for the good old days， whereas ordinary people benefit for the low price.
Q： Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？ （① to ⑦ represent Paragraphs 1 to 7）.
B
You can love them or hate them， but no matter which tourist destination you visit， chances are youll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook.
Lonely Planet is one of the worlds largest travel guide brands， publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows， websites and podcasts （播客） all devoted to travel.
Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you dont miss the best things.
They also provide the reviews of hostels （旅店）， hotels， restaurants and ticket information about your destination.
This can be great if youre a nervous traveler， or if you havent traveled by yourself before. If youre in a country where you dont speak the language， sometimes theres nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel thats cheap and clean， with friendly staff and cold beer.
But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity （自發性） out of traveling， and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook， youll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over， because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route.
Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example， some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle， wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar.
Q： Which of the following best shows the structure of the text？ （① to ⑦ stand for Paragraphs 1 to 7）