铁路、公路、水运、航空及管道五种运输方式中，除江海运输需具备一定的自然地理条件外，铁路、公路及民航在交通运输通道的一定范围内具有相互替代性。对于旅客运输来说，公路在短途运输中具有明显优势；铁路在运送长途旅客中其优势是其它交通方式暂时无法替代的；民航则以快速、舒适在长途客运中亦具有明显优势。当前，各种交通方式的市场竞争日趋激烈，而且它们之间运能与运量的矛盾日益突出。这种矛盾既存在于能力的不足，也表现于能力的浪费。就铁路旅客运输而言，其运能与运量之 Among the five transportation modes of railways, highways, waterways, airlines and pipelines, railways, highways and civil aviation are interchangeable within a certain range of the transportation corridors, except for certain natural and geographical conditions required for transport by the sea. For passenger transport, roads have obvious advantages in short-distance transport; the advantage of railways in transporting long-distance passengers is that they can not be replaced by other means of transport temporarily; and civil aviation also has obvious advantages in long-distance passenger transport with fast and comfortable transport. At present, the market competition of various modes of transportation is becoming increasingly fierce, and the contradiction between the transport capacity and the transport capacity between them has become increasingly prominent. This contradiction exists not only in lack of ability, but also in the waste of ability. In terms of railway passenger transport, its capacity and capacity