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【目的】研究大豆蚜发生为害及大豆与多种作物间邻作种植对大豆蚜的控制作用,为大豆蚜的可持续综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】采用系统调查的方法,研究大豆蚜和天敌田间种群动态;通过田间罩笼、人工接蚜和释放天敌的方法,研究捕食性天敌对大豆蚜种群的控制作用;在佳木斯地区进行大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,牡丹江地区进行黄瓜-大豆-玉米、甜葫芦-大豆-玉米、烟草-大豆-香瓜、甜菜-大豆-玉米等多作物带状穿插种植模式,以单作大豆田为对照,对不同种植模式的大豆田大豆蚜与天敌进行调查,研究作物多样性对大豆蚜的控制作用。【结果】2009年6月中下旬大豆蚜开始侵入大豆田,3~5周后田间有蚜株率达到100%,大豆蚜种群发生高峰期在7月下旬至8月上旬,9月上旬在田间逐渐消失。草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂等为蚜虫天敌优势种;按大豆蚜与天敌数量之比700︰1,释放异色瓢虫和叶色草蛉成虫7 d后,蚜虫种群减退率分别为54.78%和78.79%;大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期早熟马铃薯收获(7月20日)后第5天,豆田蚜虫天敌总数是收获前的2.6倍,与同期单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低了51.3%。大豆与甜葫芦、香瓜、烟草和玉米等作物进行多样性间作种植,在大豆蚜田间发生高峰期,单作豆田益害比为1︰65.2,多样性种植区的大豆田益害比为1︰26~1︰42,与单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低40.7%~83.5%。【结论】2009年大豆蚜的种群高峰期为8月3日,田间的天敌优势种类为草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂。早熟马铃薯与大豆间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期间收获早熟马铃薯,大量蚜虫天敌转移至间作的大豆田,从而形成对大豆蚜的控制。大豆与其它经济作物间邻作,大豆田天敌昆虫与蚜虫的益害比明显提高,表明利用农田作物多样性能充分发挥自然天敌的生物控害作用。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to study the control effect of soybean aphid on soybean aphid and the control of soybean aphid by its neighbor cropping and to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable and comprehensive treatment of soybean aphid. [Method] The population dynamics of soybean aphid and its natural enemy were studied by systematic investigation. The control effect of predatory natural enemies on soybean aphid populations was studied through field cage, artificial aphids and natural enemies. In the region of Jiamusi, Early maturing potato intercropping, Mudanjiang area cucumber - soybean - corn, sweet gourd - soybean - corn, tobacco - soybean - melon, beet - soybeans - corn and other crops interspersed with strip planting mode, single cropping soybean as control, Mode soybean aphids and natural enemies were investigated to study the effects of crop diversity on the control of soybean aphids. 【Result】 Soybean aphid began to invade soybean field in the middle and late June of 2009, and the rate of aphid in the field was 100% after 3 to 5 weeks. The peak of soybean aphid population occurred in late July to early August, and gradually increased in the field in early September disappear. The dominant species of aphids were grass weeds, ladybugs and parasitic wasps. According to the number ratio of soybean aphid and its natural enemies of 700︰1, the reduction rates of aphid population were 54.78% And 78.79% respectively. Compared with the single cropping soybean field in the same period, the total number of natural enemies of aphids in soybean field was 2.6 times of the natural enemies of soybean aphids on the fifth day after the early maturity of the soybean aphid population (July 20) Inter-crop field soybean aphid population decreased by 51.3%. Soybean and sweet gourd, muskmelon, tobacco and corn crop intercropping, the soybean aphid peak occurred in the field, the benefit ratio of single-cropped soybean was 1︰65.2, the diversity of soybean crop area benefit ratio of 1︰26 ~ 1︰42, compared with single cropping soybean field, the inter-cropping soybean aphid population reduced 40.7% ~ 83.5%. 【Conclusion】 The population peak of soybean aphid in 2009 was August 3, and the predominant species of natural enemies in the field were grass weeds, ladybugs and parasitoid. Premature potato intercropping with soybean, early maturing potatoes harvested during the rapid population growth of soybean aphid, and a large number of aphid natural enemies were transferred to the intercropped soybean field, thus forming the control of soybean aphid. The benefit-to-harm ratio of natural enemy insects and aphids in soybean and other cash crops is significantly increased, indicating that the use of crop diversity in farmland can give full play to the biological control of natural enemies.