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在我们今天,铝已经是一种司空见惯、为用甚大的金属了。但是,在上个世纪,它却曾经是一种十分希罕、比银子还贵重的东西。这没有什么奇怪,因为那时候铝冶金技术是刚刚诞生。而在常用金属中铝又是最难炼的一种。文献告诉我们,晚至1825年,才有丹麦物理学家艾尔斯忒德首次制得了金属铝。初期的制铝用的是所谓化学法,这就是以钾、钠、镁这些更为活泼的碱金属或碱土金属,把铝从它的卤族化合物中取代出来。但是,钾、钠、镁这些金属本身就很昂贵;这样生产出来的铝,自然就颇不便宜。事实上,直到1886年,全世界只是年产铝20吨。对于见惯铝制的飞机和电线、用惯铝制的炊具和饭具的我们,实在很难设想,那时候只有时髦的巴黎富人才能在自己的衣服上别着铝制的饰物。到了1886-1888年,法
Already today, aluminum is already a kind of common metal that is used very much. However, in the last century, it was once a very rare thing, more valuable than silver. This is not surprising, because at that time aluminum metallurgy technology was just born. In common metals, aluminum is the most difficult one. The literature tells us that as late as 1825, the Danish physicist Ayerstede had first produced metallic aluminum. In the early days of aluminum production, the so-called chemical method was used. This was to replace aluminum with its more halogenated compounds with more active alkali or alkaline earth metals such as potassium, sodium, and magnesium. However, the metals such as potassium, sodium, and magnesium are expensive on their own; thus, the aluminum produced is naturally not cheap. In fact, until 1886, the world only produced 20 tons of aluminum per year. For those of us who used to see aluminum airplanes and wires, used aluminum utensils, and rice cookers, it was difficult to imagine that only fashionable Parisian wealthy people would be able to distinguish aluminum accessories from their clothes. By 1886-1888, the law